20,000 Leagues Under the Sea :: essays research papers

20,000 Leagues Under the SeaJules Verne was born in France in 1828 and always had a love for the sea. He once tried to be a sea captain on a boat but social functions did not work out. Jules Verne has written many truly famous books such as Journey To the Center of the Earth, Five Weeks in a balloon and Around the World in Eighty Days. I pee written a review on one of his most famous books 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. This book combines adventure, suspense and mystery throwing in a few pieces of selective information about life under the sea. The book begins with some great suspense, it begins with a boat chasing a giant whale that has destroyed some huge unsinkable ships. Every time they get close to this monster a giant stream of water shoots hundreds of feet into the air, causing the boat to back off. Once in a while the monster will disappear from sight for hours. While reading this part of the book the reader feels alike(p) he is on the boat chasing the monster also. A l ot of times the boat gets close enough to the monster to catch it and thoughts of what you think the monster could be run through your head like crazy. When they finally make an attempt to capture it, it disappears beneath the depths of the ocean. One of the most suspenseful and mysterious parts of the book was when the characters were thrown into a big room inside the hero that seemed to earn no doors. At this point in the book the characters have no idea what was going on, neither does the reader. The only thing that happens during the time in this room is a man comes in and gives them some food, minutes later they all fell asleep. Why where they put to sleep, where is this room that seems to have no doors? This is just one of the hundreds of questions going through your head during these couple chapters of the book. When they wake up all the lights in the room are off and the submarine is shaking.

Graduation Speech: Are We There Yet? -- Graduation Speech, Commencemen

Are we in that respect yet? I have asked this question many times on road trips, only to hear the answer, Its only iodine more mile, I promise. Of course, our destination was never just one more mile. It seemed as though we would never reach our destination. The one idea I omit by inquire the question, Are we there yet? is the notion that its not the destination that is important, but the journey itself.We are part of a journey that has been progressing since the initiation of time. However, we as a society always seem to be looking past the present to some climactic end -- the finish line, the future, when in reality, there is no finish line. Society always looks to the future for the answers to todays problems, believing that the future holds something exciting that the present lacks. This is not the way we should be thinking We should be asking ourselves, What finish line are we hoping to arrive to? Or better yet, Do we want to arrive at a finish line at totally?Seriously, d id we ever hope for Cameron McLaughlin to reach the end of his experimentation with his clothes? I mys...

Application Paper -- Essays Papers

Application PaperThe social sharpness theory is a theory composed by Altman and Taylor in which sight are compared to onions. This may seem like an absurd comparison, but when explored more deeply it makes quite a bit of sense. The social penetration theory is a description of the multi-layered nature of peoples personalities. As the outer skin of an onion is peeled away another layer is found beneath it, and if you drive that layer you will expose another layer, and so forth. The same holds true for people as we get to know someone better we expose more layers of their personality and hence bewilder weedyr to the core of the individual, or the private self The outer layers of our personality is the public self, or characteristics that are apparent to people we do not know very well. Some of these characteristics include a persons world view, studies, and tastes (Griffin, 1997, p. 145). Altman and Taylor proceed to say that in order for people to develop nasty and meaningful r elationships penetration must occur this process requires self-disclosure and vulnerability in order to be achieved. People are able to choose who they want to become closer to and to decide how much of their private self they want to expose.According to Sidney Jourard, author of Transparent Self (1980), You cannot collaborate with another person toward some green end unless you know him. How can you know him, and he you, unless you have engaged in enough mutual disclosure of self to be able forestall how he will react and what part he will play? (p. 3). One main reason Jourard says people may be reluctant to self-disclose is that they fright the moral judgment of their friends, family. minister, or the law. This is the same as becoming vulne... ...e amount of penetration that occurs in any case it would be very interesting to mouth about in relation to the social penetration theory.I have definitely enjoyed learning about the social penetration theory and social switch over t heory the most. They are very chief(prenominal) theories that happen every day with people we know and people we dont know. I believe that they are among the most important theories that need to be used in order to achieve and maintain close, meaningful relationships throughout our lives. In analyzing my own level of penetration with a close friend, I have discovered a little bit more about myself and how prone I am to self-disclose for a potential relationship.Works CitedGriffin, E. (1997). A first look at communication theory. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Jourard, S. (1980). The transparent self. New York, NY Macmillan.

People Like Us :: Literary Analysis, David Brooks

This essay will converse the intrinsic relationship between variation conceptualization and social integration presenting a response against David Brooks essay entitled People Like Us. In order to do this I will discuss four pivotal elements the influences of different descriptions of diversity in cultural unification, Brooks ideas intimately social groups working together and social groups coexisting together, the importance of diversity, and the influence of diversity in social changes. I will examine why some people have the perception that our American society ignore or play as unworthy diversity. Thus, I will dispute Brooks opine stating that our society disregards diversity, and Americans just pretend that it is important to them. First, I will discuss the influences of different definitions of diversity in cultural unification. The major problem concerning this issue is that many people differ in the real meaning of the concept and how they view their personal involve ment. Brook argues that we do not really care about diversity all that much in America, even though we talk about it a great deal (306). However, they are the general, erroneous interpretations of diversity that are really creating this wrong image of indifference. According to Kira Hudson Banks in her research entitled A Qualitative Investigation of Students Perceptions of Diversity, many people defined diversity as race and do not include other types of diversity (153).The real definition of diversity includes different elements of the identity and culture of each person. Diversity involves cultural differences, such as origins, religious or political affiliation, race, and gender, and other more leaden differences, such as experiences and personality. As Banks argues in her research, the real definition involves several elements of our identity (149). Therefore, the way in which we define and conceptualize diversity affects the way in which we interact with people of others cult ure, race, and affiliations.Second, I will discuss Brooks ideas about social groups working together and social groups coexisting in a specific area. According to Brooks, in the United States we cannot see neighborhoods with different races or cultures because people always try to group themselves with people who are basically equal themselves even in their workplaces (306-307). He makes this asseveration giving just an example on how wealthy Democratic and Republican lawyers do not tend to debauch expensive houses in the same neighborhoods (307). However, in our country we can see middle class neighborhoods where we have different social groups coexist together, such as Coral Gables in Miami, Fl or Pembroke Pines in Broward, Fl.

America Needs More Immigrants :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

After political security, there is nothing that the Republic ask so much as b wizard and sinew, for the development of its vast resources . . . we want flesh and blood, men, women, and children, to assist in fulfilling that intention. Editorial from the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, published in August 12, 1865as the re-United States reels back from the divisiveness of the Civil War (Abbott 156) When my ancestors came to the U.S. in the 1800s to help build the transcontinental railroad (enabling intracontinental commerce on an unprecedented scale), it was very original that immigrants contributed to the Statess economic prosperity. Does this remain true today? Today is a very different time than the aftermath of the Civil War. Or is it? Now, the U.S. is in addition reeling back from wars, albeit of very different sorts the Cold War and the latest series of riots in the cities. The U.S. is turning inwards, wanting to rebuild its infrastructure and inner cities. Pre-e minence in heterogeneous scientific aras and the education of its citizens, who are, by world standards, lagging educationally, are again prime national goalsmuch as they were following the Civil War. Skills and labor are needed. Although not as powerfully delineated as in a North-South segregation, the American population is still bitterly divided over many issuesone of which is immigration. Would immigration aggravate our problems, especially unemployment and social tension, or benefit us, as it did previous to and following the Civil War? Throughout the 1800s, conservative politicians were adamant that immigration would compromise political security and native Californian miners, laborers, and farmers feared that the Chinese would drain Americas resources and take away jobs. The tragic results of such fears were the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, windup in the execution of two innocent Italian immigrants accused of espionage, and the massacres of Chinese miners in the western states. These early detractors of immigration were proven wrong as America grew from a second-rate nation to the most powerful economy in the world. Today, as reflected in the headlines, calls for immigration restriction have renewed the national controversy Should current levels of immigration continue in the U.S.? How many can America absorb? is a constant refrain, reflected in poll after poll.

America Needs More Immigrants :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

After political security, there is nothing that the Republic needs so much as bone and sinew, for the instruction of its vast resources . . . we want flesh and blood, men, women, and children, to assist in fulfilling that intention. Editorial from the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, published in August 12, 1865as the re-United States reels back from the divisiveness of the Civil struggle (Abbott 156) When my ancestors came to the U.S. in the 1800s to help build the transcontinental railroad (enabling intracontinental commerce on an unprecedented scale), it was very accepted that immigrants contributed to Americas economic prosperity. Does this remain true today? Today is a very different time than the aftermath of the Civil fight. Or is it? Now, the U.S. is also reeling back from wars, albeit of very different sorts the Cold War and the latest series of riots in the cities. The U.S. is turning inwards, wanting to rebuild its infrastructure and inner cities. Pre-emine nce in various scientific areas and the education of its citizens, who are, by world standards, lag educationally, are again prime national goalsmuch as they were following the Civil War. Skills and labor are needed. Although not as fibrously delineated as in a North-South segregation, the American population is still bitterly divided over galore(postnominal) issuesone of which is immigration. Would immigration aggravate our problems, especially unemployment and social tension, or benefit us, as it did previous to and following the Civil War? Throughout the 1800s, conservative politicians were adamant that immigration would compromise political security and native Californian miners, laborers, and farmers feared that the Chinese would drain Americas resources and take away jobs. The tragic results of such fears were the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, ending in the execution of two innocent Italian immigrants accused of espionage, and the massacres of Chinese miners in the w estern states. These early detractors of immigration were proven wrong as America grew from a second-rate nation to the most powerful economy in the world. Today, as reflected in the headlines, calls for immigration restriction have renewed the national debate Should current levels of immigration continue in the U.S.? How many can America absorb? is a constant refrain, reflected in poll after poll.

Leadership and Change

The element of change remains a factor in everyday aliveness within the organization. How to handle change begins with a decision to embrace the implications into an organizations vision. Incorporating change and a healthy attitude toward change as a core value begins with leadership. A good leader like John Welch provides vision and clarity for the employee. He even instills inspiration in the employee allowing them the freedom to explore and create issue of their every day job tasks. Such a leader will be able to communicate issues of change and create a bond with their team up.This creates a comfort take aim that allows for creative thinking resulting in an environment that easily accepts change as a factor. This connection begins at a fundamental level of human sociology where the use of write up is central. Howard Gardner reflects, the ultimate impact of the leader depends most significantly on the particular story that he or she relates or embodies, and the receptions to that story on the part of the audiences (14). By telling stories, allows for a certain level of openness or vulnerability on the part of the leader and makes them human.By hatchway the line of communication, gives the employee knowledge of their environment and develops trust. The leaders role is to sell the idea of commitment within a culture. Odiorne suggests, if employees knows what is expected, and what help and resources are available, they can then be relied upon to place their actions to achieve the commitments they have made (138). This sets the stage for goals and achieving high performance. The culture in turn feeds off this energy and excitement. There are three reasons why leaders are important. First they are responsible for the effectiveness of organizations.Second, the change and upheaval of past years has left us with no place to hide. We need anchors in our lives as a guiding purpose. Third, there is a national concern about integrity of our institutions. Being mi ndful of own context is difficult for us. (15-16) Managers with a keen witnessing of leading represent these three key attri scarcees and create a foundation from which to act. A leader must also display oddment and have the guts to be daring. They must be a dominant force within the team. Bennis reflects, there are two kinds of people those who are inactivate by veneration, and those who are afraid but go ahead away.Life is not about limitation but options (185). A healthy culture inspires options and the innovations that explicate out of creativity. Still one cannot ignore times of fear. Management sometimes creates fear on purpose or misuse to work employees harder. From personal experience, fear can drive an employee to try harder at a better job or completely kill worker confidence. This does not create positive outcomes but promotes conflict and an unstable team. It is clear for management to be successful, it must communicate its vision but also create positive reinforce ment.Once key members understand peoples needs, then action can be taken to improve managements role. Only then will a leader be taken seriously. Recognizing positive traits in a team member builds trust, integrity and also meets an important need. Finally, there are many things a leader can do to motivate their team members and inspire excellence. From personal experience there are many recommendations that come to mind. At a company wide level, a recognition or awards computer program is effective in maintaining culture by motivating employees. Being noticed for a job well done instills pride.

Definitions of biological science Essay

1) Cite 3 definitions of biological science. Why is it significant to include it in your curriculum?a) Science of lifeb) Transcends such as sciences as chemistry, physics, mathematics and geology c) Study of living things* We can have informations about the whole kit and boodle of living systems, turning the discoveries into medical treatments, methods of growing food and innovative products. We can learn organic structure, properties and chemical mechanism as we apply biological systems. It go forth empower us to understand and even predict about living things and other related to science.2) Analyze the timeline of biology presented and discussed previously. What do you think be the 5 major inventions or discoveries of all time? Prove your point.a) 1961 Leonard Hayflick demonstrated that a population of normal human fetal mobile phones in a cell grow divide between 40 and 60 times then enter a senescence phase. b) 1970 Geerat Gary Vermeij, a blind scientist, while studying mol lusks in Guam, discovered that predators play a major role in determining how and why specie change. In 1992 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship and in 1996 published inner(a) Hands A Scientific Life. c) 1974 Albert Claude, a Belgium-born biologist, won the Nobel for his work on the sub-structure of the cell. d) 1977 Robert Ballard and John B. Corliss found unknown creatures thriving on bacteria from that depended on sulfur from volcanic vents. e) 1981 Lynn Margulis wrote Symbiosis in cubicle Evolution. She proposed that three types of prokaryotes fused biologically to create the first living cells with nucleic structures.3) Name 5 approaches/disciplines that are related to biology and make connections why you consider them related to biology.a) Botany study the ways in which we can manipulate the growth of instals and genetically manipulate them for nutritional or environmental benefits. Plants will lead you to study their individual structures, how plants are alike and how they differ, and how to identify and classify plants of all kinds. b) Cell Biology Cell biology is the sub discipline of biology that studies the basic unit of life, the cell. It deals with all aspects of the cell including cell anatomy, cell division and cell processes such as cell respiration, and cell death. c) Herpetology the field of herpetology may include studies related to behavior, genetics, anatomy, physiology, ecology, health, and reproduction.d) Integrative Biology the study and research of biological systems. It does not simply involve one discipline, scarce integrates a wide variety of disciplines that work together to find answers to scientific questions. e) Physiology it is a broad sub-field in biology. It may be categorized into animal and plant physiology depending on the organisms described. It determines the relative functions of parts, it crosses another important sub-field in biology. The biological processes and functions of the parts of an organism.

Avro Arrow

Avro cursor Since the dawn of mankind, humans have always wanted to repress the skies. After the Wright Brothers first flight, mankind has dreamed of bigger and better aircrafts. Shortly after World War ll a company named Avro propagatecraft Limited was assigned the business sector by the Royal Canadian Air Force to build supersonic twin engine interceptor which could defend Canada against Soviet Bombers during the Cold War. With a plant in Milton, Ontario and 14 000 employees, Avro Aircraft Limited built and manufactured ones of the greatest planes in aviation history.The plane was a masterpiece it flew at nearly mach 2 and had futuristic technologies which would twain up to planes from today. The Avro Arrow computer programme turned fall out to be a big waste of the effort and money, as it was scratch less than a form later. There can be galore(postnominal) reasons why it was cancelled but the biggest was the immense pressure put on Diefenbaker by President Eisenhower and the United States Air Force. Other reasons could be because of its huge price tag, a new emerging era of anti-aircraft technologies, or the fact that it had many little flaws in its design.Terminating the Avro Arrow program was the right and smarter thing to do by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and his Conservative Government. The Avro Arrow was a Canadian marvel but came with a huge price tag. The program cost hundreds of millions of more than the estimated price. Originally the Royal Canadian Air Force wanted 40 aircrafts for an estimated $118 million but, the price tag for the interceptor blush wine from 2 million to 12, and at the same time demand for interceptors fell as the world entered the age of long-range missiles.When Prime Minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the program the price tag stood at $247 million for the aircraft and $132 million for the Iroquois engines. A total cost of $374 million for a bunch of scrap metal. Clearly the control wasnt worth as much as th ey were spending. The companys estimations were way off and the project turned out to cost one-eighteenth of the total discipline budget, which was money that the government didnt have to spare and could have used for cheaper alternative defensive mechanisms.In the mid 50s the world was entering a new era of anti-aircraft missile technologies and smarter missiles were being invented. As Canada was busily trying to find debauchers for the Avro Arrow, the Americans were also hard at work trying to sell their BOMARC missiles. When Canada move to sell the Arrow to the Americans, they tried to sell their BOMARC missiles to Canada. Unfortunately, Canada failed to sell the Avro Arrow to any nation. Instead the newly elected Conservatives cancelled the Avro Arrow program and decided to buy $200 million worth of BOMARC missiles.With the purchase of the missiles, the Canadians signed the NORAD (North American Air Defense) agreement which made Canada a partner in command and control when it came to attacks and threats in Canadian/American airspace. Also it gave RCAF a chance to learn and share secret Air Defense information with the USAF. The BOMARC missile had the same range as the Avro Arrows. The difference was that the missiles were much cheaper and were a more feasible option for the Canadian air-force and the governments budget.The Avro Arrow had flaws in its design which didnt let it be at one hundred percent. One of the major flaws that the Arrow had was its particular(a) fuel capacity. It could only carry approximately 10 000 lbs of jet fuel, which meant it had very limited range. The range was such a concern that the Royal Canadian Air Force had to build many special airfields in the North because the Air-force was worried that if the Avro Arrow went on a mission, it would be able to return by refueling in the airfields because it wouldnt have enough fuel to go and comeback on one tank full.The plane also couldnt pass some RCAF regulations which meant spend ing millions more just to fix the issues. The major problems were with the avionics and fire-control of the aircrafts. There were some minor(ip) incidences as well, during flight testing the landing gears failed during two separate occasions making the RCAF questioning the aircrafts capabilities. A lot of these problems left the Avro Arrow ineffective during many scenarios.Clearly it was smarter to invest in missiles which could get the job done easier and would cost less than half the price of the existing program. Cancelling the Avro Arrow program was a better and more economically stable decision by John Diefenbaker and his government. The program cost way too much money for our nation to afford. The program turned out to be a complete disaster and a huge waste of time and money.With a new era of anti-aircraft technologies emerging, the government found missiles to be much cheaper than interceptors and just as effective. With the BOMARC missiles we also got a bonus by having the Americans as our partnered Allies with whom we could share our defense techniques with. Due to the complications with the designs the Avro Arrow had many problems too dear(predicate) to solve with the existing price tag. The government clearly made the right and smarter decision by cancelling the Avro Arrow program.

Triple Bottom Lines And Its Different Representations Environmental Sciences Essay

triad Bottom Lines is a doctrine or manner of accept about sustainability, akin to the make believe of corporate social duty, it has become merely a mechanism for accounting and coverage. Triple poop commercial enterprises is frequently championed by pile who have sm either dread of what the social entails although it is meant to add societal and environs to the equation ( Frank Vanclay in his publication for University of Tasmania ) .The ternary bottom line is multifariously described as societal, environmental and stinting public presentation The Triple Bottom Line ( TBL ) is a construct that has received official sanction as a model for promoting institutional concern about sustainability ( quoted by Frank Vanclay in his publication on Triple Bottom Lines construct for University of Tasmania ) .The ternary bottom line is made up of societal, economic and environmental the people, planet, net income phrase was coined for Shell by SustainAbility, influenced by twentieth cen tury urbanist Patrick Geddes s impression of prevalent people, work and topographical point.Peoples, planet and net income compactly describes the ternary downstairsside lines and the end of sustainability ( Wikipedia ) .Suther landed estate Shire Council attack to TBL Local Government Sector.Beginning www.suthlib.nsw.gov.auCouncil respects itself as a Triple Bottom Line ( TBL ) administration. The Council s way is to prosecute sustainability across economic, societal and environmental considerations and they address these issues on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours change in the deliberate actions, parturiencys and plans that be portion of our concern. However, the council recognise that there ar unintended environmental, societal and economic mendsA or by merchandises of the work that they do. Some illustrations complicateActions, Undertakings and ProgramsPositive ImpactsNegative ImpactsProvision and care of Parkss, featuring and community installationsEncourage s healthy and active liveness stylePlaying Fieldss require irrigating to keep grassInstallation of Gross Pollution Traps ( GPTs )Cleaner stormwater run-off which sum healthier waterways, beaches and wetlandsWaste and environmental impact of edifice plantsIn my sentiment, the Council has aspiration to accomplish sustainability done ternary underside lines attack, save it fails to understand the demand of next day demands that was represented as negative impact.Although piss for the parklands, drama countries, play evidences, and so on is a turning concern but, there are state of affairss where councils have managed to stock warrant minimal lacrimation to these countries by means of waste H2O intervention workss, desalinization workss, etc. for e.g. Adelaide metropolis has managed irrigating to its parklands by constructing WWTP works and grapevine undertakings. Therefore, I do non bandage that this is a negative impact ascribable to execution of sustainability by means o f ternary bottom attack.The Sustainability Challenge undertaking with Triple Bottom Lines concept/approach by the Irrigation Futures Irrigation Industry.Beginning www.irrigationfutures.org.auAs per Irrigation Futures, the undertaking is to understand what sustainability is for irrigation communities around Australia. They understand that this is a response to community demands now of irrigation industries to non merely better environmental public presentation but to show accomplishment through validated and reliable public presentation steps.Besides, to what I agree, their vision is an irrigation industry that applies triple-bottom-line coverage for uninterrupted betterment and enhanced sustainability.I understand that ternary bottom line attack in irrigation industry loafer accomplish great term supremacy by keeping counterweight in its public presentation and select throughing community necessities that is non limited to rural but excessively urban countries.Triple Botto m Lines construct from the sustainable Homes.Beginning www.sustainable-homes.org.au/02_ aim/triple.htmThe Smart and Sustainable Homes plan sets out to demystify the signifi washbowlce of sustainable lodging, which is about making appropriate lodging jut out for our local clime and environmental scene, the varied life state of affairss we are likely to confront and our budget.Sustainable Homes define sustainable lodging asPlanning, planing and edifice homes to do them more than socially, environmentally and economically responsible. Practically, this elbow room they are more comfy, livable, low-cost, accessible, antiphonal, healthier and cost effectual to populate in over the medium to long-run.I partly agree with the Sustainable Homes on the construct of constructing sustainable places. I observe it is of import to construct places that are sustainable, but it became mindfully hard to construct such places due to impact of the Global fiscal Crisis. From many studies conducted by Real Estate communities it was noticed that the bargain rate of sustainable places has been decreased.DISCUSS THE PRINCIPLES OF TRIPLE BOTTOM LINES, AND HOW THEY ARE REFLECTED IN THE GENERAL CONCEPT AND ITS assorted REPRESENTATIONS IN MORE Specific TERMS.In my position, the on-going procedure of pull offing economic, environment and societal constituents of an administration non restricting to the community countries, preserve hereditary pattern, honest net income system, etc. to accomplish sustainability is the chief line up.The rules of Triple Bottom Lines are aimed to accomplish sustainability non compromising the elements of ternary underside lines, sustainable concerns aimed to accomplish economic prosperity and non compromising fair play among community groups and the quality of environment. Besides, it is regarded that TBL is a better tool for describing sustainability and corporations will acknowledge issues, foresee and differentiate community concerns by affecting with community groups and non-government administrations.Social rules that nominate keep equity among community groups, just intervention to the community groups, reinvestment of net incomes in the community groups through charity / undertakings for common good and suiting all ages of community groups.Economic rules that guarantee honest net income system, concerns interest with the societal and environment sustainability and mitigate costs by utilizing energy efficient materials/appliances. purlieu rules that apply on raw(a) stuffs use in edifice & A edifice from abroad, educate and promote recycling of stuffs, cut down the impact on environment by pull offing emanations and manage production of toxic points.DISCCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRIPLE BOTTOM LINES AND sustainable DEVELOPMENT.As defined in the class notes, the indexs of sustainability are fundamentally related to economic, environmental and societal, by and large known as the three-base hit underside lines. However i n corporate sectors, Triple underside line is an amalgam of fiscal consequences and an appraisal of the societal and environmental impacts of a concern or merely People, Planet and Profits ( Rodger Hill of KPMG ) .The by and large accepted definition of sustainable development came from the Brundtland study ( WCED, 1987 ) development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands .The Triple Bottom Lines i.e. economic, environment and societal are the indexs of Sustainable Development. Whereas, the sustainable development is defined with the cardinal subjects such as earth resources, biodiversity, future coevals, betterment in quality of life, equity amongst different groups of people, balance between viing ends i.e. economic, environment and societal, realization on mutuality within and between all communities, etc.In my position, ternary underside lines are about the impact that an administration / sector / industry is holding on the community to accomplish a sustainable development outlined by the community.Triple Bottom Line attack is one of the cardinal rules in Sustainable Development with other rules such as Humility rule, precautional rule and reversibility rule along with Inter and intra-generation equity, Precautionary rule and Conservation of biodiversity that are described in assorted intergovernmental understandings.TheA TBL can besides be utilize as a decision-making tool, by sketching in progress the environmental, societal and economic impacts of a undertaking and measuring the undertaking on all these positions in advance make up ones minding to live on in front to accomplish sustainable development ( Sutherland Shire Council, NSW ) .Impact Assessment and the Triple Bottom Line is sustainable development, sustainable environment, sustainable communities, impact on society, the environment, and economic sustainability, economic, environmental and societal sustainabil ity, economic prosperity, environmental quality, and societal justness, economic growing, ecological balance and societal leavement, economic growing, societal advancement and environmental wellness, economic system, environment, equity, net income, people, planet ( or planet, people, net income ) ( paraphrase www.minerals.csiro.au ) .DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF TRIPLE BOTTOM LINES TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION.The ternary bottom line construct of sustainability is achieved through the application of smart design rules at the early phases of planning and building the place. Making these determinations upfront translates to multiple benefits for residents by making a place that is safer, more secure, flexible, comfy, environmentally-friendly and cost-effective over clip ( www.sustainable-homes.org.au ) .A sustainable place expressions like a normal house, but is designed and constructed to include the rules of sustainable design which attempts to equilibrize societal, environmental an d economic considerations ( www.sustainable-homes.org.au ) .EnvironmentalI agree that the environmentally sustainable places designed with resource proficiency constituents like H2O, energy and waste including solar design characteristics like building methodological analysis, airing, shadowing, insularity, dual glazed Windowss, orientation, edifice stuffs, etc. Resource efficiency equates to lifestyle benefits for occupants in footings of improved thermic comfort ( societal sustainability ) and decreased campaign costs for the place ( economic sustainability ) ( www.sustainable-homes.org.au ) .Building and building that are designed affecting natural and environmental jeopardies are more sustainable get bying with natural catastrophes, catastrophes, etc. cut downing the economic and human loss. Design shall besides run into the criterions for CO2 emanations and nursery go down on emanations. merelymore the major environmental issues due to building are defined as planetary heatin g and inauspicious clime alteration, air pollution, H2O pollution, risky stuffs, planning, land usage and preservation, nursery gas emanation, etc.Environmental deductions of disposing of building waste can include depletion of natural resources and wastage of energy required to pose forth stuffs. The chief type of waste is soil rubble, followed by concrete-based masonry and clay-based wastes such as bricks and tile that have greater impact than others. For illustration, gypsum plasterboard disposed off in landfill produces toxicant H sulfide ( www.abs.gov.au -AGO 2002d ) .EconomicAppreciated design features including ingestion and production forms of energy, stuffs, waste direction and conveyance are cardinal in bring forthing an economical sustainable building.In my sentiment, inclusion of modular design, spicy energy rated contraptions such as H2O heating systems based on solar/power, infrigidation, air-conditioning, contraptions, etc. will cut down running costs of edifices.I do non hold with the use of some low quality local merchandises including edifice stuffs, mechanical and electrical fixtures & A adjustments, low energy rated contraptions, etc. that whitethorn cut down costs ab initio and during building but will increase the care costs of edifices. But, incorporation of long life span stuffs that can understate care costs can be a solution.To maximize economic system in building and cut down the impact of environmental jeopardies the sum of waste shall be managed by thorough appraisal and identifying stuffs that can be recycled wheresoever practical and economical. Materials intended for recycling are shall be amass individually in order to utilize them efficaciously. Use of recycled stuffs like concrete and bricks can be used for puting the impermanent roads to the site or withal used as a difficult base for machineries like nomadic Cranes alternatively of dumping the stuffs into landfills. On many occasions, concrete and bricks are crushed in to pieces and used as sums to fix howitzer, which is so used to put pavings and non-loading constructions.SocialIn my sentiment, places shall be designed with people in head and sing the demands such as safety, security, entree and design for a place that will carry through the demands for the present and the hereafter. Homes that are designed for people as a nucleus constituent shall carry through demands of people at all phases of lives including impermanent demands. Homes that are easy adaptable to a diverse scope of people demands, safety and their comfort are universally designed. A pleasing aesthetic built environment will beef up dealingss with the occupants in the community leting safe societal and neighbourhood webs detering offense through inactive surveillance. Building and building affecting this method will reflect what we have built and what we value.It would be wise to hold balance in equipoise of urban countries with poorness population to keep equity in community g roups. Social demands such as wellness, instruction, resources, administration, etc. are maintained every smirch harmonizing to the proportion of communities.Use A CASE ( OR CASES ) STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO USE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION.Case survey for sustainable development and sustainable building utilizing ternary bottom lines.SOCIAL aspect Addressing Local Needs on Eyre Peninsula( Case survey conducted by SA pee )PurposeThe long term handiness and security of drinkable H2O on Eyre Peninsula is an of import issue for the prosperity, economic system and quality of life of the communities on Eyre Peninsula.Analysis of societal sustainabilityIn response to prosecuting with the local communities on Eyre Peninsula to seek future solutions, SA urine is trialling a desalinization works near Port Lincoln, bring forthing drinkable H2O from brackish H2O sourced from the Tod River. The test commenced in January 2003 for an i nitial 6 month period. Detailed appraisals are being undertaken to measure the long term sustainability of ongoing usage of desalinization as a H2O intervention option.It can be observed that draging a desalinization works by SA pissing aims to accomplish an economical and environmental attack towards the end sustainability.In measuring the viability for procuring long term H2O supply for the Eyre Peninsula communities, SA piss is actively undertaking community audience and elaborate environmental impact appraisals, including the quantification of sustainable outputs from the Tod River and environmental flows for the catchment ecosystem. Of equal importance, is measuring any possible impacts on the Marine environment, curiously given the value to the local economic system of the aquaculture and fishing industries.Surveies on environmental impacts including the apprehension of demands for community groups in the Eyre Peninsula stood the chief aim to accomplish societal sustainabil ity.Achievement through societal attackIn chase of a solution which will run into economic, societal and environmental demands for the Eyre Peninsula community now and in the hereafter, SA water system undertook a Life Cycle Analysis of assorted H2O supply options. The bill of exchange study was received in June 2003 nevertheless, due to the incidental project of extra related work, the concluding study is due December 2003. The analysis will seek to broaden and inform SA Water s apprehension of all environmental impacts, in peculiar energy usage and environmental impacts of substructure.DecisionJointly, this work will organize the footing for informing SA Water s way in best helping the Eyre Peninsula community with positive solutions for the long term sustainability of their local H2O supply.From the above it is apparent that SA Water thrived to drag a desalinization works in the Eyre Peninsula to run into the Social demands. This grapevine undertaking with corporate analysis wil l non merely run into the local demands but besides pull offing the other two rules of ternary underside lines i.e. economic and environmental positions of the undertaking.ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Public Private Partnerships & A Victor Harbor sewer water Treatment Plant( Case survey conducted by SA WATER )PurposeThe metropolis of Victor Harbor is served by a Wastewater Treatment Plant ( WWTP ) which was commission in 1972, and is approaching its rated capacity. Most of the treated Wastewater is discharged into the nearby Inman River. The intervention procedure is non designed for alimentary decrease and discharge of treated outflowing is holding an inauspicious consequence on the river environment downstream of the works.DescriptionIn polling future solutions through a community audience procedure, a put right penchant emerged for the resettlement of the wastewater intervention works to a unfermented site and for the tender works to bring forth a high-quality treated effluent t o understate impacts on the Inman River and optimise chances for reuse. As a consequence, in 2001 the Government announced that a intervention works utilizing membrane filtration Technology would be constructed at a new site remote from the town.Engineering invention with ternary underside attack has helped the resettlement of WWTP to relieve the impacts on the Inman River and better the status of H2O for reuse.Government besides approved that SA Water see securing the undertaking under a Build, Own, shut up and Transfer ( BOOT ) contract. Under a BOOT contract, which is coherent with Public Private Partnership ( PPP ) structures, the private sector is responsible for planing, building, runing and keeping substructure assets to present a service bundle. The contract specifies service manner of speaking in end product footings instead than through a elaborate building specification, thereby leting range for invention and flexibleness. The contract normally entails private majuscu le finance.Analysis of economic sustainabilityUndertakings and such WWTP workss can function the community demands by affecting Public Private Partnership so that they are built to criterions following TBL attack and guaranting all party duty during bringing and operation of Plants.From an unfastened call for looks of involvement, four advocates were invited to tender in mid 2002, ensuing in the survival of United Utilities as preferable tenderer in February 2003.Formation of the Victor Harbor contract is consistent with PPP Guidelines of the Department of Treasury and Finance, including comparing of the stamp monetary value with a public sector comparator ( PSC ) . The PSC is the estimated cost of the undertaking in present value footings if SA Water were to ain and pull off the undertaking under the same hazard profile, conditions and public presentation demands as the BOOT contract.In the instance of the Victor Harbor undertaking, the contract solution outputs better value for gold than an estimated undertaking solution for the tantamount inhouse service bringing and involves proficient invention and operational hazard that the private sector is capable of pull offing cost-effectively.Accomplishments with economic sustainability attackThe Victor Harbor WWTP undertaking is a PPP enterprise between SA Water and United Utilities, affecting building and operation of a new WWTP to function the community of Victor Harbor. Construction is scheduled to be carried out in 2004-05, for undertaking commissioning by mid 2005.United WaterOn 1 January 1996, United Water commenced a contract to pull off, run and keep SA Water s metropolitan H2O and effluent systems under a fee-for-service agreement.Henry Walker EnvironmentalCommissioned in 1997, the Aldinga WWTP was a in private financed BOOT strategy works that was contracted for 25 old ages to the Henry Walker Environmental Group.Riverland WaterUnder a 25-year contract, established in 1996, Riverland Water was commiss ioned to run 10 H2O filtration workss on behalf of SA Water in regional South Australia. Operation of the workss was under a Build Own Operate Transfer ( BOOT ) strategy.Hydro TasmaniaIn 2001-02, SA Water entered into a joint venture with Hydro Tasmania to put in mini-hydro turbines on Adelaide s H2O distribution system and gaining control renewable energy for usage by SA Water.DecisionIncorporation of Build, Own, Operate and Transfer ( BOOT ) contract which is consistent with Public Private Partnership ( PPP ) structures, SA Water finalised WWTP undertaking at Victor Harbour that is Economically sustainable / feasible by affecting all parties following with the ternary underside line position.ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Pull offing Environmental Impacts & A the Clare vale Water Supply Scheme( Case survey conducted by SA WATER )PurposeTo provide filtered H2O to the Clare Valley townships of Watervale, Penwortham, Sevenhill, Leasingham and Mintaro under $ 34.8 million via the Morgan- Whyalla grapevine.It can be noted that this undertaking will present filtered H2O to the part that is environmentally sustainable as it will carry through the current demands and hereafter every bit good.Community needsResidents of these towns have lobbied consecutive evoke authoritiess for decennaries, but a reticulated H2O supply was neer considered feasible. With support from agriculturists in the part for a system which would present H2O for irrigation every bit good as heightening security of supply to Yorke Peninsula, the State Government announced in 2002 the undertaking would travel in front.This determination will heighten the dealingss with community groups as the undertaking was long anticipated, but can function for long term.Provision of filtered H2O to these towns will supplement and assist conserve local H2O resources and hike touristry and urban development which is requisite to back up economic growing in the part.Understanding the undertakingThe Clare Valley Wat er Supply Scheme demonstrates SA Water s committedness to the supplying of high quality services consistent with sustainable regional development for South Australian communities. The strategy comprises about 83km of grapevine, 4 ML H2O computer storage armored combat vehicle at Trillians Hill, a supporter pump station near Clare and a new pump station near Mintaro. Water will be supplied from the River Murray to the Clare Valley part within the bing River Murray cap allotments, consistent with a cardinal aim of the National Water Reform Agenda to advance efficiency through traveling H2O to higher value users.Interaction with community groups / administrationsAfter audience with the Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation ( DWLBC ) , the Department for Environment and Heritage ( DEH ) and the Environment Protection Agency ( EPA ) , SA Water had a comprehensive environmental appraisal of the strategy carried out by an independent expert before building commenced. Th is appraisal indicated that the importing of River Murray H2O into the Clare Valley part for usage in irrigation can be managed to avoid possible inauspicious environmental effects. Further proficient probes are proposed to help in developing the direction regimes for apportioning imported H2O usage in each sub-catchment, to understate impacts on ecosystem wellness, land productiveness, H2O resources and downstream catchments.A series of community information yearss, Council briefings and stakeholder meetings were undertaken to explicate the possible environmental impacts of the strategy.Environmental appraisal through interaction with community, administrations, building spouses, heritage saving, etc. will assist to understand the undertaking sustainability.Achievement through ternary underside lines attackTo guarantee the on-going protection of local H2O resources in the Clare Valley, a monitoring plan has been prepared in concurrence with DWLBC. The bing land and surface H2O moni toring webs are being expanded, including the building of, and trying from, new monitoring Wellss and constitution of new surface H2O monitoring Stationss and in-stream biology monitoring along watercourses in the Clare Valley.With appropriate adaptative direction governments in topographic point, the Clare Valley Water Supply Scheme will supply valuable societal and economic benefits to occupants and agriculturists in an environmentally sustainable mode.DecisionSA Water achieved success in developing a reticulated H2O supply undertaking under $ 34.8 million strategy to convey filtered H2O to Clare Valley townships. This undertaking non merely has incorporated environmental sustainability but besides met the economic and societal elements of ternary underside lines by providing filtered H2O to the part and enhanced the urban development. To guarantee the ongoing and the future demands of environment sustainability, steps such as land H2O monitoring Wellss, new surface H2O monitoring Stationss and in-stream biology monitoring along watercourses were include in the undertaking.

Drama: Daydreams and nightmares

The issue we were set to explore in the lessons was daydreams and nightmares. I enjoyed doing this topic because it allows you to act out eyeshots that are not real and what normal state think about in their e preciseday life. It also allows you to express your own thoughts. I think that nightmare chair is a very effective modality of putting across to the audience what has happened during the course of the play.We started the topic off with nightmare chair. In groups of six we had to make up a play with the second scene as nightmare chair. Our group fix it very hard to think of a nightmare to do. So we ended up with our story being about a boy called Jack, who dared his friend, Paul, to walk across the railway track. However while Paul was walking back a train low-spirited him. This meant that Jack, who dared his friend, was having the nightmare. Jack had to rally in the middle and every hotshot else in a circle around him. We were chanting things like You shouldnt have done that, you killed my best friend and you killed my son.We accordingly had to develop our plays so that they had the informant of the story, then the nightmare chair, and then the end of the story. We had to have a monologue at the beginning of the story, hardly it could not tell the whole story. I found that making up the beginning and the end was harder to make up then the nightmares was. This was probably because we had the middle of the play and had to work around that.We then began the daydream set forth of the topic. We started off by reading a few pages of a play, Ernies Great Hallucinations. This play was about a boy who used to daydream a split up however in his hallucinations they actual came true. The part we read was when Ernie and his Auntie May had gone to a fair, and the go to see a boxing match. The bagger involve to win loses and the winner challenges anyone from the audience to go and fight him. No one from the audience goes so Auntie May goes in. thats when E rnie starts to daydream that his Auntie takes the world loose champion and she does. We got to read the play once and then had to make our own interpretation of it from memory. This helped us to give us an idea of how we could do our next task.In different groups of six we had to make up our own versions of Ernies hallucinations. We had two choice of how to do our plays. We could either have the daydream affect real life or just have it as a normal daydream. We chose to have the daydream affect real life. The play was about a girl called Edwina who wanted to become a super model. One day she was in her maths class and she started to daydream about being a world famous model and victorious an award for being the worlds most beautiful model. Then the next day at school teacher asks for Edwinas homework and tells him she did not do it because she was modelling we then realise that her daydream was not actually a dream but did actually happened. When we first started doing the play n o one liked it.NIGHTMARE CHAIR.In the nightmare chair play I did not have a very big part. I was the passer-by at the railway station. When Paul gets crushed I offer Jack my mobile to call the ambulance. When Jack is having a nightmare I walk around him saying you shouldnt have done that. My acknowledgment thought that the boys should have had more sense than to play near the railway tracks. She was always looking up from her paper as she thought they were up to no good whish they were.When I offered Jack my phone I had to make my voice sound panicky and had to rush my words to show that she was thinking apace about what to do next. When doing the nightmare chair I had to make my voice sound flat and cold, so that it sounded like we were all blaming Jack for killing Paul.I think my performance as an individual could have been improved by me learning my words correctly and knowing when and how to say them. I think I could have also improved my performance by making my actions clear and confident, because I was not sure what I should have been doing all the time. As a group our performance could have been improved by making sure everyone knew exactly what they were saying and when they should be saying it, so that we did not have so many pauses. We have made our actions more confident.DAYDREAMS.In our play about Ernies hallucinations I played the part of Eddie Edwards. I was the boxer that lost. My character Eddie was a boxer and probably thought of himself as a tough and very good boxer. However he was not because he got knock out during the first round.In this play I did not have to speak, so I did not have to change my voice to suit the part I was playing. However I was mainly acting, so my actions had to good. I had to keep my hands in a tight ball, and close to my head. I also have my back slightly dented in order to give the affect that I was boxing.For our main play I played the part of a clever girl in Edwinas class, and I was a person watching Edwina s fashion show. My character in Edwina s class always had her hand up to answer a question. She was a very clever and liked to show off she was not a very interesting person.As a little girl in Edwinas class I had to make my voice hi pitched and sound child like. When I has to recite my two times table I had to make my voice sooner loud and make my mouth movement bigger like a young girls would. As the person watching the fashion show I did not have to say much. My actions as the little girl had to be different too. When I was sitting down I hard to sit up consecutive and place my hand straight up in the air when a question was asked. When I was playing the person watching the fashion show I had try to act posh. I tried to put this across when I clapped at Edwina. I had to clap very delicately and with my tips of my fingers.Making my voice louder and not being so self-conscience could have improved my individual performance. I could have also made my actions more precise and confid ent. I think everyone learning their lines so they do not stutter and leave long pauses could have improved the whole groups performance.CONCLUSION.When we were first trying to make up the play no one really like it, and we had a lot of problems acting it. No one could put in the effort to make the play look and sound good, but after we listened to everyones ideas and thought of better ways to end it I think we made a very well acted performance.

New York Police Department Recruitment and Challenges

Thesis StatementSome of this is funnymost of it, if accu come in, is placerageous. objet dart some of the latter is verifiable, it is difficult to sort out tho how much is simply sour grapes and whining because 40 miles to the East, Suffolk Country MOS hold up a huge contr make a motion. current York practice of rectitude De wear outment preemptnot get enough applicants to give a test for law officers 88% of Port Authority police Department academy graduates atomic turn of events 18 from reinvigorated York legal philosophy Department pass with flying colorss, 50% of a spick-and-span class of NYFD class atomic number 18 from parvenue York legal philosophy Department. (Lung seemly et al, 1986).IntroductionThe New York City Police (NYPD) has everywhere the last grades been known to be the largest municipal police force in the world with a vital primary responsibility to implement the law and carry out investigations within the five boroughs of the New York City, w hich include Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester etc. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).NYPD is dedicated to work towards enhancing the quality of spirit in the urban center by works in accordance to the constitution. This is achieved by its mission terra firmament, which is compel the law, preserve the peace, reduce fear and provide for a safe environment. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000). This in direct entails to preventing fear and responding to crime.In the join States, NYPD is considered as being the first advanced style police surgical incision being an array of specialized services. It is contracted and dedicated to go expertise in technical operations, K-9, diving or mari cartridge holder skills, aviation or helicopter skills, bomb disposal technology, counterterrorism technology, intelligence skills, antigang techniques, narcotics detection, reality transportation, control and public housing. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigations and laboratory resources mend not also ove rlooking their units, which assist with computer crime investigations. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000)Recruitment Requirements for NYPDTo pace afoot into the NYPD academy, the fol low-toneding requirements are a prerequisite genius must be an United States citizen at the time of application i must possess a valid racy school diploma or an educational equivalent one must ask success integraly completed either sixty (60) college credits from a plausible college or a university with at least 2.0 GPA or two (2) years full time United States Military Service. (Reaves, Brian A., 1996).However, one could achieve the higher up qualifications yet be disqualified for admission because of the following concomitantors star may have been convicted of an offence, which indicates neediness of good moral character, or disposition towards military group or disorder or which is punishable by one or more years of imprisonment one may have undergone repeated convictions of an offence, which indicat es disrespect of the law one may have been discharged from an employment as a gist of poor behavior or inability to adjust to discipline one may have been discharged in a shabby manner from the military service one may have been convicted of an offence for domestic violence misdemeanor and lastly, one may have been convicted for committing a felony. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).A Practical Situation disdain all in all these requirements and all the theoretical take overations from these special, surface-trained and skilled cops a great problem looms in their running(a) circumstances. For both person to work there is eer expectations of commensurate benefits from the field of line of merchandise necessary for the daily upkeep of the individual and dependants. The standard of liveness should also have a direct relationship with the just inputs of an individual to the workplace.Future progress should also be projected by the current occupation performance and renumeration. Othe r workplace related benefits are also palpable life-or-death determinants of an employee wellbeing and welfare. All these issues if not properly addressed, will lead to change magnitude morale, decreased output and poor performance and ultimately high item of employees dropout leading to high turnovers.This is the critical condition facing the NYPD. In 2005, there was a state arbitration and a panel of judges decree covering fire a contract negotiation between NYPD representatives and state representatives, which came up with a hold decrease for new officers. The new outcomes have been discussed here On admission, a new hire during training is supposed to earn $25,100 per year. This continues for the next six (6) months. On the completion of the Police Academy, the respective individual becomes entitled to an annual wages increase up to $32,700. To explain this, the state argues that the salaries were adjusted as a result of inflation. In practice these figures are far much low under the supporting standards of an employed person and they happen to be the lowest pay levels in history for rookie NYPD cops.This was a wrong decision by the legal power of lowering the starting pay for new officers at such a time that the officers are most impressionable and this act seems particularly unwise to absolute majority of the battalion. The remuneration plunge is blamed on state arbitrator and is seen as a expectant public indemnity to reduce the starting salary. The union officers argued that the urban center first suggested lower starting salaries to fund the pay raises and arbitration was taken to because the metropolis refused to negotiate across the table. The conventional wisdom when applied tends to purport an opposition relationship between salary and corruption as witnessed in the jurisdiction such as New Orleans. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).The issue at hand is very crucial towards motivation of workers. A person of proper orientation cannot even dream or think about joining this tutelageer, which is devoid of motivation considering that there exists a high degree of risk in this profession. The situation is hike up compounded by the concomitant that out of the meangle pays, the respective officer is pass judgment to purchase to the highest degree all of their belongings and personal items. The items include officers uniforms and equipment, which one would expect to get from the Academy or employer. Some issues of quality items in this respect it is worth mentioning.Due to the fact of fluctuated pay everybody is highly tempted to go for the least expensive item and it is common sense impression that least expensive is least quality. The practice of officers buying uniforms and equipment for themselves has an outlay that can easily run into thousands of dollars. As a solution, the Municipal Union in 2007 by means of the Municipal Credit Union began issuing visa credit card game to the Police Academy as a way to b orrow the money needful towards the mandatory equipment purchases. reach pay for experience officers is no better compared with pay of an oppositewisewise(prenominal) authority employers. The recommended top pay for an experienced NYPD officer is $59,588 not including overtime payments and other forms of compensation. The major contributor to these problems is the municipal funding agents, which although it has continually funded other city project.The new basketball arena in Brooklyn got an approximate 8.3 acres land, which although it was a part of a forest the administration asserts that this is no land grabbing. For the sake of its cultivation it got a further $100 one thousand thousand. (Kleining John, 1996). The Second Avenue Train line got the full funding agreement with a massive $2.5 bond issues and its work expected to follow within weeks to months. (Kleining John, 1996).The Mayors Green Plan is raising rather substantial amount whereby drivers are levied for enter ing Manhattan at rates of $8 for personal vehicles and $21 for truck operators. Major tugs of war have been evidently acquirable as is the solecism of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), which urged the council members to provide the civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with adequate funding and to hold it accountable for young lapses in its performance. NYCLU decried to Mayor Bloombergs proposals to cut CCRB funding by $1.2 million eliminating twenty four investigator positions and urged the city council to restore the CCRBs funding to conduct cooperation from NYPD and other agencies problematic in the civilian review process.The NYCLU was actively subservient in the creation of the independent CCRB in the year 2002, and has been an outspoken advocate for a vigorous and independent civilian review system. As part of this effort, the NYCLU has fought CCRB compute cuts year after year and has been highly critical of NYPD efforts to undermine the CCRBs work. (Kleining John, 1996). Whereas the policy makers and implementers argue that they are in favor of keeping tabs on the people suspected of unlawful activities, they argue that the police should not be scrutinizing law permanent New Yorkers activities without regulations.Low pay is driving more and more New Yorks finest to leave the job despite ranks being bolstered. Especially in 2005 and 2006, 1,769 officers were reported to interpose job before their retirement eligibility. (Kleining John, 1996). The come have had a real impact on the streets and city hall does not have the courage to elucidate the problem.Difficulties Compounding Police Force IssueSome extremely difficult times were experienced in the city brought about by the economic downturn of the 1970. An arson effort particularly plagued Bronx leading to permeability of an atmosphere of lawlessness in the city. In addition, the citys financial crisis led to a hiring freeze on all city departments including the NYPD from 1976 to 1 980. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990). A crack epidemic of late 1980s and early on 1990s followed in suit the arson attack, which is believed most certainly led to the citys homicide rate to soar to an all time higher. A terrific record of murder, so great that it has yet remained difficult to break in both other US major city, was recorded in 1990. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).The situation was further complicated by continuous thefts associated with drug addiction increasing became common. Furthermore, on family line 11, 2001, twenty-three NYPD officers were killed when the World Trade Centre collapsed due to terrorist attack. More lives were bewildered that year than any other year in the NYPDs history. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).All through history, the NYPD has suffered from numerous allegations of corruption. However, as the many commissions of inquiry convened to inquire about these alleged matters, the results have shown these instances of corruption reflect far greater on the indivi duals involved rather than do on a systemic form of corruption. As a matter of fact, the instances of corruption when compared through statistics to the sheer number of the departments as a whole, the NYPD actually has a lower corruption rate than many other departments.Most commissions on corruption blame low morale and chronically low salary as the large contributing factor. As things sour up to such heights it remains questionable as to the destiny and way out for these unlucky officers. Information permeability is in place of existing training and working condition in other departments of equal capacity as the NYPD.Situation alfresco NYPDIt is crystal clear that in nearby departments payments is considerably more ranging from $50,000 for new hires and over $90,000 for experienced officers. Over the last few years hundreds of NYPD city officers have been found to leave for higher paying jobs with other agencies notably the Nassau County Police Department, the Suffolk County Poli ce Department and the Port Authority Police of New York and New Jersey. (Bratton et al, 1998). Discontent over pay issues has become so widespread and so well known that higher paying departments in the lower cost of living areas such as the Rochester New York Police are actively recruiting NYPD officers to join their forces.Large numbers of NYPD officers have also migrated to the New York City Fire Departments where, although the payments are similar to that of NYPD, work schedules are more attractive and they are privileged to have a more amicable relationship with the public. (Bratton et al, 1998). However, the NYPD is not comfortable with the hejira taken by their trained employees. Resources have been used for the training and therefore the exodus is a big loss to NYPD. Employees turnover is also a bad influence facing NYPD as a result of this exodus.Therefore, to counteract the exodus, the NYPD is using contract changes to interdict the prior practice of allowing police offic ers who join the fire department to transfer their seniority for a compensation purposes. With all new firefighters now compelled to begin working at the same starting pay, the number of NYPD officials willing to croak over to the FDNY is likely to fall considerably. (Bratton et al, 1998).Some NYPD officers charge that the department leadership is pursuance to stem the strike of officers to other jurisdictions by administrative means. In January 2006, 35 NYPD officers seeking to move to the Port Authority Police sued the NYPD claiming that it was refusing to make their personal records available to Ports Authority Police Department (PAPD) background investigators. The plaintiffs won the injunction at the foot race level but the appellate division in January 2007 overturned that ruling and ordered that case to trial. (James T. Hamilton, 2000). For its part, the NYPD claims that its actions are merely in line with the personnel practices of any other employers and that there is n o stealth effort to prevent officers from moving elsewhere.Nonetheless, it is a fact that no NYPD officers have been included in the last PAPD Police Academy as a result of the deliberate confinement of their background records by their employer NYPD. Despite these obstacles, there are signs that the exodus from the NYPD may become accelerating. In 2006, 902 officers resigned before eligibility for retirement. The number had been 867 in the previous year (2005) and 635 in the other previous year (2004), which contributes for an attrition rate of around 2%. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).While the Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly insists that the figures compares positively with the turnover rates in private industry, police union officials note that the proper compare should be with prior years on the NYPD records in erst plot(prenominal) years. For example, in 1991 only 15% officers left early thus recording an attrition rate of less than one half of one percent. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).The unfair state in NYPD has impacted negative picture of the Academy. Recruits and skilled officers are expected to take care of their transport be. They are also supposed to cater for costs of their duty belts, handcuffs, flashlights etc. whenever they wear out. The cost of maintaining fresh supplies has been uncatered for by the Academy. The supervisors treat recruits and officers like children and the caustic manner of the supervisors create disrespect in the Academy. Recruits are taken for field experience and during the occasion they are given up to supervisory jobs. Due to the browse turnover some identified officers and recruits are forced to act on supervisory capacity without an extra pay.At the end of it all participation in unions is spirited due to crippled financial status. They are also incapacitate to play meaningful roles in the society and their background society issues are very poor.The potential recruit of NYPD should expect to earn the lowest pay whi le working in the most dangerous environment in the tri-state area and should also expect picayune disciplinary action with a trial dwell having nearly 100% conviction rate. Dozens of civilian complaints from criminals and then complaints are investigated by cop hating, democratic club hacks. The recruit should also expect to be a great white defendant seeking publicity, grand-standing district attorney have their life ruined when they make a good faith drop away they become financially destroyed plus their families by paying huge money in legal fees.The cop expects the boss ever behind while executing duties, any civilian complaint with a controversial case falls on the cops shoulders. The supervisors of the cops are ready to protect politicians at the expense of their lower-ranking cops. The members of the department above the rank of lieutenant are ready to earn procession through suppression of their juniors. The NYPD cop members are the most demoralized force group. They g ive protection to millions of liberal, unappreciative citizens and democratic officers who hate them.The cops are also vilified by dissimulator ministers who command huge sums of government poverty money to instigate and assist crime. The cops transcend through six months of training then in disquiets join other police departments leaving their leaders searching for reasons of the exodus. As senior members of NYPD shift to other departments, such as Suffolk County Cop, a vacancy opening leaves a promotion slot quickly.ConclusionThe result of poor funding in NYPD is a poor social economic structure. This leads to exit and exodus of those who enter NYPD Academy leading to brainpower drain and employee turnover. The lack of funding has created a huge salary disparity between NYPD and other same category departments. Any well-qualified person fears any indulgence with NYPD. Although their entry requirements are well outlines, a number of recruits gain entry into the Academy without th e possession of valid driving licenses, relevant credentials speculation of suffering some disqualifications creates problems of retention of probationary employees since discontent and lack of motivation is the cause of exodus to a better place.ReferencesBratton, William J. & Knobler Peter (1998) Turnaround How American Top Cops Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York Random House.Eli B. Silverman (1990) NYPD Battles Crime modern Strategies in Policing. North Eastern University Press. ISBN-13978-15555340011.Fred. M. Rafilson (2000) Police Officer Arco 13th Ed. ISBN-13978-0028637419.James T. Hamilton (2000) Channeling Violence. Princeton University Press. New Ed. ISBN-13978-0691070247.Kleining John (1996) The morals of Policing. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Lung Worthy, Robert H. (1986) The Structure of Police Organizations. New York. Praeger.Reaves, Brian A. (1996) Local Police Departments. Diane Pub Co. ISBN-13978-0788130076.New York Police Department Recruitment And C hallengesSome of this is funnymost of it, if accurate, is outrageous. While some of the latter is verifiable, it is difficult to sort out just how much is simply sour grapes and whining because 40 miles to the East, Suffolk Country MOS have a huge contract. New York Police Department cannot get enough applicants to give a test for Police officers 88% of Port Authority Police Department Academy graduates are from New York Police Department cops, 50% of a new class of NYFD class are from New York Police Department. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).IntroductionThe New York City Police (NYPD) has over the last years been known to be the largest municipal police force in the world with a vital primary responsibility to enforce the law and carry out investigations within the five boroughs of the New York City, which include Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester etc. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).NYPD is dedicated to work towards enhancing the quality of life in the city by working in accordance to the consti tution. This is achieved through its mission statement, which is Enforce the law, preserve the peace, reduce fear and provide for a safe environment. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000). This in result entails to preventing fear and responding to crime.In the United States, NYPD is considered as being the first modern style police department being an array of specialized services. It is contracted and dedicated to offering expertise in technical operations, K-9, diving or marine skills, aviation or helicopter skills, bomb disposal technology, counterterrorism technology, intelligence skills, antigang techniques, narcotics detection, public transportation, control and public housing. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigations and laboratory resources while not also overlooking their units, which assist with computer crime investigations. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000)Recruitment Requirements for NYPDTo pace afoot into the NYPD academy, the following requirements are a prerequisite one must b e an United States citizen at the time of application one must possess a valid high school diploma or an educational equivalent one must have successfully completed either sixty (60) college credits from a credible college or a university with at least 2.0 GPA or two (2) years full time United States Military Service. (Reaves, Brian A., 1996).However, one could achieve the above qualifications yet be disqualified for admission because of the following factors One may have been convicted of an offence, which indicates lack of good moral character, or disposition towards violence or disorder or which is punishable by one or more years of imprisonment one may have undergone repeated convictions of an offence, which indicates disrespect of the law one may have been discharged from an employment as a result of poor behavior or inability to adjust to discipline one may have been discharged in a dishonorable manner from the military service one may have been convicted of an offence for do mestic violence misdemeanor and lastly, one may have been convicted for committing a felony. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).A Practical SituationDespite all these requirements and all the theoretical expectations from these special, well-trained and skilled cops a great problem looms in their working circumstances. For any person to work there is always expectations of commensurate benefits from the field of occupation necessary for the daily upkeep of the individual and dependants. The standard of life should also have a direct relationship with the rightful inputs of an individual to the workplace. Future progress should also be projected by the current occupation performance and renumeration. Other workplace related benefits are also very crucial determinants of an employee wellbeing and welfare. All these issues if not properly addressed, will lead to decreased morale, decreased output and poor performance and ultimately high degree of employees dropout leading to high turnovers.This is the critical condition facing the NYPD. In 2005, there was a state arbitration and a panel of judges decree covering a contract negotiation between NYPD representatives and state representatives, which came up with a pay decrease for new officers. The new outcomes have been discussed here On admission, a new hire during training is supposed to earn $25,100 per year. This continues for the next six (6) months. On the completion of the Police Academy, the respective individual becomes entitled to an annual salary increase up to $32,700. To explain this, the state argues that the salaries were adjusted as a result of inflation. In practice these figures are far much low below the living standards of an employed person and they happen to be the lowest pay levels in history for rookie NYPD cops.This was a wrong decision by the jurisdiction of lowering the starting pay for new officers at such a time that the officers are most impressionable and this act seems particularly unwise to majority of the people. The salary plunge is blamed on state arbitrator and is seen as a bad public policy to reduce the starting salary. The union officers argued that the city first suggested lower starting salaries to fund the pay raises and arbitration was taken to because the city refused to negotiate across the table. The conventional wisdom when applied tends to purport an inverse relationship between salary and corruption as witnessed in the jurisdiction such as New Orleans. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).The issue at hand is very crucial towards motivation of workers. A person of proper orientation cannot even dream or think about joining this career, which is devoid of motivation considering that there exists a high degree of risk in this profession. The situation is further compounded by the fact that out of the meangle pays, the respective officer is expected to purchase virtually all of their belongings and personal items. The items include officers uniforms and equipment, w hich one would expect to get from the Academy or employer. Some issues of quality items in this respect it is worth mentioning.Due to the fact of fluctuated pay anybody is highly tempted to go for the least expensive item and it is common sense that least expensive is least quality. The practice of officers buying uniforms and equipment for themselves has an outlay that can easily run into thousands of dollars. As a solution, the Municipal Union in 2007 through the Municipal Credit Union began issuing visa credit cards to the Police Academy as a way to borrow the money needed towards the mandatory equipment purchases.Top pay for experienced officers is no better compared with pay of other potential employers. The recommended top pay for an experienced NYPD officer is $59,588 not including overtime payments and other forms of compensation. The major contributor to these problems is the municipal funding agents, which although it has continually funded other city project. The new bask etball arena in Brooklyn got an approximate 8.3 acres land, which although it was a part of a forest the administration asserts that this is no land grabbing. For the sake of its development it got a further $100 million. (Kleining John, 1996). The Second Avenue Train line got the full funding agreement with a massive $2.5 bond issues and its work expected to follow within weeks to months. (Kleining John, 1996).The Mayors Green Plan is raising quite substantial amount whereby drivers are levied for entering Manhattan at rates of $8 for personal vehicles and $21 for truck operators. Major tugs of war have been evidently available as is the case of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), which urged the council members to provide the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with adequate funding and to hold it accountable for recent lapses in its performance. NYCLU decried to Mayor Bloombergs proposals to cut CCRB funding by $1.2 million eliminating twenty four investigator position s and urged the city council to restore the CCRBs funding to demand cooperation from NYPD and other agencies involved in the civilian review process.The NYCLU was actively instrumental in the creation of the independent CCRB in the year 2002, and has been an outspoken advocate for a vigorous and independent civilian review system. As part of this effort, the NYCLU has fought CCRB budget cuts year after year and has been highly critical of NYPD efforts to undermine the CCRBs work. (Kleining John, 1996). Whereas the policy makers and implementers argue that they are in favor of keeping tabs on the people suspected of unlawful activities, they argue that the police should not be scrutinizing law abiding New Yorkers activities without regulations.Low pay is driving more and more New Yorks finest to leave the job despite ranks being bolstered. Especially in 2005 and 2006, 1,769 officers were reported to quit job before their retirement eligibility. (Kleining John, 1996). The numbers have had a real impact on the streets and city hall does not have the courage to solve the problem.Difficulties Compounding Police Force IssueSome extremely difficult times were experienced in the city brought about by the economic downturn of the 1970. An arson attack particularly plagued Bronx leading to permeability of an atmosphere of lawlessness in the city. In addition, the citys financial crisis led to a hiring freeze on all city departments including the NYPD from 1976 to 1980. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990). A crack epidemic of late 1980s and early 1990s followed in suit the arson attack, which is believed most certainly led to the citys homicide rate to soar to an all time higher. A marvelous record of murder, so great that it has yet remained difficult to break in any other US major city, was recorded in 1990. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).The situation was further complicated by continuous thefts associated with drug addiction increasing became common. Furthermore, on September 11, 200 1, twenty-three NYPD officers were killed when the World Trade Centre collapsed due to terrorist attack. More lives were lost that year than any other year in the NYPDs history. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).All through history, the NYPD has suffered from numerous allegations of corruption. However, as the many commissions of inquiry convened to inquire about these alleged matters, the results have shown these instances of corruption reflect far greater on the individuals involved rather than do on a systemic form of corruption. As a matter of fact, the instances of corruption when compared through statistics to the sheer number of the departments as a whole, the NYPD actually has a lower corruption rate than many other departments. Most commissions on corruption blame low morale and chronically low salary as the large contributing factor. As things sour up to such heights it remains questionable as to the destiny and way out for these unlucky officers. Information permeability is in pla ce of existing training and working condition in other departments of equal capacity as the NYPD.Situation Outside NYPDIt is crystal clear that in nearby departments payments is considerably more ranging from $50,000 for new hires and over $90,000 for experienced officers. Over the last few years hundreds of NYPD city officers have been found to leave for higher paying jobs with other agencies notably the Nassau County Police Department, the Suffolk County Police Department and the Port Authority Police of New York and New Jersey. (Bratton et al, 1998). Discontent over pay issues has become so widespread and so well known that higher paying departments in the lower cost of living areas such as the Rochester New York Police are actively recruiting NYPD officers to join their forces. Large numbers of NYPD officers have also migrated to the New York City Fire Departments where, although the payments are similar to that of NYPD, work schedules are more attractive and they are privileged to have a more amicable relationship with the public. (Bratton et al, 1998).However, the NYPD is not comfortable with the exodus taken by their trained employees. Resources have been used for the training and therefore the exodus is a big loss to NYPD. Employees turnover is also a bad influence facing NYPD as a result of this exodus. Therefore, to counteract the exodus, the NYPD is using contract changes to forbid the prior practice of allowing police officers who join the fire department to transfer their seniority for a compensation purposes. With all new firefighters now compelled to begin working at the same starting pay, the number of NYPD officials willing to exit over to the FDNY is likely to fall considerably. (Bratton et al, 1998).Some NYPD officers charge that the department leadership is seeking to stem the flow of officers to other jurisdictions by administrative means. In January 2006, 35 NYPD officers seeking to move to the Port Authority Police sued the NYPD claiming that it was refusing to make their personal records available to Ports Authority Police Department (PAPD) background investigators. The plaintiffs won the injunction at the trial level but the appellate division in January 2007 overturned that ruling and ordered that case to trial. (James T. Hamilton, 2000). For its part, the NYPD claims that its actions are merely in line with the personnel practices of any other employers and that there is no stealth effort to prevent officers from moving elsewhere.Nonetheless, it is a fact that no NYPD officers have been included in the last PAPD Police Academy as a result of the deliberate confinement of their background records by their employer NYPD. Despite these obstacles, there are signs that the exodus from the NYPD may become accelerating. In 2006, 902 officers resigned before eligibility for retirement. The number had been 867 in the previous year (2005) and 635 in the other previous year (2004), which contributes for an attrition rate of around 2%. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).While the Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly insists that the figures compares positively with the turnover rates in private industry, police union officials note that the proper comparison should be with prior years on the NYPD records in past years. For example, in 1991 only 15% officers left early thus recording an attrition rate of less than one half of one percent. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).The unfair state in NYPD has impacted negative picture of the Academy. Recruits and skilled officers are expected to take care of their transport costs. They are also supposed to cater for costs of their duty belts, handcuffs, flashlights etc. whenever they wear out. The cost of maintaining fresh supplies has been uncatered for by the Academy. The supervisors treat recruits and officers like children and the harsh manner of the supervisors create disrespect in the Academy. Recruits are taken for field experience and during the occasion they are given up to supervisory jobs. Due to the frequent turnover some identified officers and recruits are forced to act on supervisory capacity without an extra pay.At the end of it all participation in unions is crippled due to crippled financial status. They are also incapacitated to play meaningful roles in the society and their background society issues are very poor.The potential recruit of NYPD should expect to earn the lowest pay while working in the most dangerous environment in the tri-state area and should also expect picayune disciplinary action with a trial room having nearly 100% conviction rate. Dozens of civilian complaints from criminals and then complaints are investigated by cop hating, democratic club hacks. The recruit should also expect to be a great white defendant seeking publicity, grand-standing district attorney have their life ruined when they make a good faith mistake they become financially destroyed plus their families by paying huge money in legal fees. The cop exp ects the boss ever behind while executing duties, any civilian complaint with a controversial case falls on the cops shoulders.The supervisors of the cops are ready to protect politicians at the expense of their junior cops. The members of the department above the rank of lieutenant are ready to earn promotion through suppression of their juniors. The NYPD cop members are the most demoralized army group. They give protection to millions of liberal, unappreciative citizens and democratic officers who hate them. The cops are also vilified by phony ministers who command huge sums of government poverty money to aid and assist crime. The cops transcend through six months of training then in disquiets join other police departments leaving their leaders searching for reasons of the exodus. As senior members of NYPD shift to other departments, such as Suffolk County Cop, a vacancy opening leaves a promotion slot quickly.ConclusionThe result of poor funding in NYPD is a poor social economic structure. This leads to exit and exodus of those who enter NYPD Academy leading to brain drain and employee turnover. The lack of funding has created a huge salary disparity between NYPD and other same category departments. Any well-qualified person fears any indulgence with NYPD. Although their entry requirements are well outlines, a number of recruits gain entry into the Academy without the possession of valid driving licenses, relevant credentials possibility of suffering some disqualifications creates problems of retention of probationary employees since discontent and lack of motivation is the cause of exodus to a better place.ReferencesBratton, William J. & Knobler Peter (1998) Turnaround How American Top Cops Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York Random House.Eli B. Silverman (1990) NYPD Battles Crime Innovative Strategies in Policing. North Eastern University Press. ISBN-13978-15555340011.Fred. M. Rafilson (2000) Police Officer Arco 13th Ed. ISBN-13978-0028637419.James T. H amilton (2000) Channeling Violence. Princeton University Press. New Ed. ISBN-13978-0691070247.Kleining John (1996) The Ethics of Policing. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Lung Worthy, Robert H. (1986) The Structure of Police Organizations. New York. Praeger.Reaves, Brian A. (1996) Local Police Departments. Diane Pub Co. ISBN-13978-0788130076.

Are We an Overmedicated Society Essay

Are we an overmedicated baseball club? fix you ever opened your medicine cabinet, and really looked at its contents? Have you ever stopped to wonder exactly what is in those bottles, and what it is doing inside your body? Do we really need all of those drugs? These atomic number 18 the questions I began asking myself a few years ago, and I feel almost people should be questioning these things more oft. Every time that I see a tonic commercial or advertisement that highlights a dangerous drug and the resulting lawsuits, I have to wonder how m whatever drugs out there are still as dangerous, but havent been documented yet.How some(prenominal) diseases are fabricated so that more drugs hatful be sold? We have been engineered to cogitate that every homophile emotion and condition is a disease and should be medicated. But how much is too much? My first argument is that society today has pay back much too reliant on prescription medications and it has gotten to be out of contr ol on many grounds. The two groups of individuals I feel are most at risk for this type of over-indulgence are children and the elderly. A third group of concern involves the mentally impaired or depressed segment of society, which I will cook to.But first, I will divulge my assessment of childrens psychiatry from my viewpoint. A century ago, parents were free to discipline their children in the way they byword fit. As a result, children grew up to be respectable adults with jobs and accountability for their actions. There were tranquillise those who deviated of course, but it seems it was much less prevalent than it is today. Now, we have become a society who is afraid to discipline their children for fear of repercussion from social services and the threat of losing their children.As a result, we now have many children growing up who learn that they are in charge of their parents. These children are non required to respect their parents, and this results in a lack of respect f or humans in general. This has whence led to a rise in sociopathic behavior among teenagers and young adults who have been raised with absolutely no accountability for their actions or respect for human life. For those parents whose children have gotten out of control, they customarily turn to their family physicians for advice.I believe this has led to a rise in the creation of childhood diseases and medications to go along with them. In recent years, there appears to be a huge increase in the number of children diagnosed with ADHD and different levels of the Autism spectrum. These children are being sedated with tablets instead of learning how to expatriate in a socially acceptable manner. They then grow up never learning how to properly integrate into society, and from there we have mentally impaired, depressed, and a good deal sociopathic adults who are told they will require more medication and sedation for their entire lives.On the opposite end of the spectrum, a second se gment of society that is suffering from pharmaceutical negligence is the elderly population. You may have noticed the number of medications typi speaky found in your grandmothers medicine cabinet, and this scenario is not atypical. Seniors are taking medications for things that dont need to be medicated. As a result, they need additional medications to combat the side effects of the original medications plus. It is wish a domino effect, each one building on another. One drug magnate be bringn for depleted glucose levels.This drug may get pull down high blood pressure and high cholesterol, giving rise to the need for additional medications to counteract those two life-threatening conditions. In turn the secondary medications might have adverse reactions requiring additional medications and so on, creating a dangerous level of chemicals taken daily. Having to take so many medications, and often on a low or fixed income, puts a huge strain on the average elderly patient, and sig nificantly lowers the quality of life experienced in the last grade of life.In addition to young children and senior citizens, my third area of concern is the mental health arena. We are currently diagnosing illnesses and prescribing pills for every range of habitual human emotion and behavior. Feelings of anger, elation, sadness, and anxiety are all normal human responses to different stresses issued from the natural environment around us. But we have been manufactured to believe that any one of these can signal the presence of serious illness and disease, and if we are experiencing these we had better hightail it to the nearest doctor and get a pill to erase it all.This is what the pharmaceutical companies want us to believe, and it has been working amazingly well for them so far. The doctor is not programmed to tell you that you are experiencing normal human emotions, instead, they get you very upset and worried that you are actually suffering from a major mental disorder that requires immediate action and medication. Now, I agree that therapy is often needed for excess amounts of any one of these emotions. However, I feel that in most cases medication is simply not needed. Would you apply a Band-Aid to a working(a) wound?That is what I feel the value of most of these medications really is. It never solves the root of the issue, so the patient continues to take these medications that their body becomes dependent on, thus backing the drug companies for the rest of their lives. One of the main issues when it comes to mental health in patients of all ages is the subject of anti-anxiety medications. I recently discovered an article which was penned with regard to the expenditure of anxiety medications in the United States and internationally, and whether or not it is a concern.According to Armstrong, their use has increased in America at the rate of 7 cardinal prescriptions a year (1). This raises the concern that the exponential growth of these drugs wil l eventually lead to an entire country of sedated citizens. Despite popular belief, however, most of these prescriptions are scripted by family physicians and not psychiatrists, to deal with patients who believe they have a disease they dont have and are demanding pills. Despite reassurances of the safety of the use of benzodiazepines, concerns still linger as to how much is too much.The pharmaceutical industry is greatly to blame for fueling this negligent over-use of harmful chemicals. It really is all about money, when it comes down to it. It seems like they are eager to produce any concoction that they can market to the American familiar that will sell in mass quantities, whether or not it is actually necessary for anyones health. It is possible, even, that they go as far as to manufacture their own illnesses so they can capitalize on it any way they can.As a result, there doesnt seem to be enough research release into many of the drugs that are approved by the FDA and take up space on a pharmacy shelf. They might run it by a group of not-so-randomly selected individuals for a quick test-run. Then, even if adverse reactions are found, they are justified and dismissed and the public never even finds out. If they do, it is usually in small print at the end of a drug advertisement, and the public never even takes notice of it because they are so hyped up about the possible positive outcomes this drug may have in store for them.The marketing is so intense that it convinces many people they have diseases they dont even have and they rush to the doctor to fill their demands. According to Strand & Wallace, less than 50% of all of the serious adverse reactions to a new drug the FDA releases are identified prior to its release into the marketplace (2, pg 46). This is a very horrible statistic that needs to be taken seriously The doctors, in turn, are often pressured by the drug companies to market these drugs to patients who do not even present with symptoms w hich would call for such drugs.These doctors are often enticed by incentives and benefits offered by these companies to convince them to dole out these unnecessary medications. Essentially, they are wined and dined by the pharmaceutical companies. The other issue liner doctors is that these patients show up in droves with complaints and expect pills. If they are turned away or refused, the doctor faces possible legal actions, possibly law suits or malpractice claims. So, the soft solution is to give the patient what they want, not what they need. Essentially, the conventional doctor/patient relationship has eroded almost entirely.Patients are now doctoring themselves, deciding which drugs they need, and then going to the doctor with their demands since they cannot fill their scripts without a prescription. The book, Death By Prescription, has an excellent example of this. The author provides a story of a patient named Cynthia who goes in for her annual exam, confirms the presence of menopause, and against her better judgment is prescribed hormone replacement therapy. Everything seems to be going well for a few months, and then she unexpectedly collapses one day, totally at random, from acute cardiac arrest.After she has been put to rest, the husband then discovers that there were concerns about ticker related problems for a year before his wife was initially prescribed this medication. (2, pgs 3-7) The doctor who wrote this book speaks of his dismay that potentially life-threatening drug reactions are never brought to the consumers attention until it is too late. Since these drugs are smasher the market without adequate research to possible drug reactions or interactions, more and more lawsuits are being filed. Every time I see a new lawsuit for a drug that was heavily marketed, I wonder which one will be next.I take a few prescriptions myself, that because they are necessary to control severe acid reflux which could erode my entire esophagus and to ke ep allergies in check which have a magnetic inclination to cause ear infections with me. I wouldnt take them if I didnt absolutely need to. One that Ive seen recently is a lawsuit for a popular birth control drug, Yasmin, that I clearly remember advertisements for which involved many women in bright yellow bathing suits. Other examples that I can think of just off the top of my head are Avandia, Phen Phen, and Thalidomide. A famous example, though, is the whole Vioxx fiasco.Vioxx was a popular pain fireman that was touted as more effective than ibuprofen and naproxen sodium, but little was neckn about its potentially fatal side effects, mostly related to heart problems. According to Carey, Barrett, and Cropper, society needs to understand that drugs are a double-edged sword. Doctors should do a better job of keeping up with pharmaceutical findings. And patients should know that all medicines are potentially dangerous and should be used cautiously. In the past, people accepted tha t there was no such thing as a totally safe drug, says McKillop. Today we have become much more risk-averse. Adds Dr. Mary H. Parks, a top FDA drug-approval official Even in the best case, with amply due diligence, we will never know everything about a drug. Thats why it will always be a struggle to hit just the right balance between help and harm. (3) This lends credence to my belief that most drugs that have been on the market less than 10 years should not be trusted. Hopefully, this paper has influenced the general perspective on the pharmaceutical industry itself and how many drugs should be taken by the average consumer on a daily basis.How many times have doctors prescribed brand new cures for diseases that no one has ever heard of? Consumers should be taking note of just how many drugs are being over-marketed and should be aware of the dangers posed by the chemicals ingested on a daily basis. If it is something that is not needed for normal daily functioning, should it ev en be prescribed? Is it doing more harm than good? How much research has been conducted for this particular drug? Whether the individual is a young child, a middle-aged adult, a psychiatric or geriatric patient, these are the questions that each person should be asking every day.