Profile of Major General Smedley Butler

Major General Smedley Butler was a decorated war veteran. He is best known for serving in the Carribean and abroad during World War I. Early Life Smedley Butler was born in West Chester, PA on July 30, 1881, to Thomas and Maud Butler. Raised in the area, Butler initially attended West Chester Friends Graded High School before moving on to the prestigious Haverford School. While enrolled at Haverford, Butlers father was elected to the US House of Representatives. Serving in Washington for thirty-one years, Thomas Butler would later provide political cover for his sons military career. A gifted athlete and a good student, the younger Butler elected to leave Haverford in mid-1898 to take part in the Spanish-American War. Joining the Marines Though his father wished him to remain in school, Butler was able to obtain a direct commission as a second lieutenant in the US Marine Corps. Ordered to the Marine Barracks in Washington, DC for training, he then joined the Marine Battalion, North Atlantic Squadron and took part in operations around Guantà ¡namo Bay, Cuba. With the withdrawal of the Marines from the area later in the year, Butler served aboard USS New York until being discharged on February 16, 1899. His separation from the Corps proved short as he was able to secure a first lieutenants commission in April. In the Far East Ordered to Manila, Philippines, Butler took part in the Philippine-American War. Bored by garrison life, he welcomed the opportunity to experience combat later that year. Leading a force against the Insurrecto-held town of Noveleta in October, he succeeded in driving off the enemy and securing the area. In the wake of this action, Butler was tattooed with a large Eagle, Globe, and Anchor which covered his entire chest. Befriending Major Littleton Waller, Butler was selected to join him as part of a Marine company on Guam. En route, Wallers force was detoured to China to aid in putting down the Boxer Rebellion. Arriving in China, Butler took part in the Battle of Tientsin on July 13, 1900. In the fighting, he was hit in the leg while trying to rescue another officer. Despite his wound, Butler assisted the officer to the hospital. For his performance at Tientsin, Butler received a brevet promotion to captain. Returning to action, he was grazed in the chest during fighting near San Tan Pating. Returning the United States in 1901, Butler spent two years serving ashore and aboard various vessels. In 1903, while stationed in Puerto Rico, he was ordered to aid in protecting American interests during a revolt in Honduras. The Banana Wars Moving along the Honduran coast, Butlers party rescued the American consul in Trujillo. Suffering from a tropical fever during the campaign, Butler received the nickname Old Gimlet Eye due to his constantly bloodshot eyes. Returning home, he married Ethel Peters on June 30, 1905. Ordered back to the Philippines, Butler saw garrison duty around Subic Bay. In 1908, now a major, he was diagnosed with having a nervous breakdown (possibly post-traumatic stress disorder) and was sent back to the United States for nine months to recover. During this period Butler tried his hand at coal mining but found it not to his liking. Returning to the Marines, he received command of 3rd Battalion, 1st Regiment on the Isthmus of Panama in 1909. He remained in the area until being ordered to Nicaragua in August 1912. Commanding a battalion, he took part in the bombardment, assault, and capture of Coyotepe in October. In January 1914, Butler was directed to join Rear Admiral Frank Fletcher off the coast of Mexico to monitor military activities during the Mexican Revolution. In March, Butler, posing as a railroad executive, landed in Mexico and scouted the interior. As the situation continued to worsen, American forces landed at Veracruz on April 21. Leading the Marine contingent, Butler directed their operations through two days of fighting before the city was secured. For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. The following year, Butler led a force from USS Connecticut ashore on Haiti after a revolution threw the country into chaos. Winning several engagements with the Haitian rebels, Butler won a second Medal of Honor for his capture of Fort Rivià ¨re. In doing so, he became one of only two Marines to win the medal twice, the other being Dan Daly. World War I With the US entry into World War I in April 1917, Butler, now a lieutenant colonel, began lobbying for a command in France. This failed to materialize as some of his key superiors deemed him unreliable despite his stellar record. On July 1, 1918, Butler received a promotion to colonel and command of the 13th Marine Regiment in France. Though he worked to train the unit, they did not see combat operations. Promoted to brigadier general in early October, he was directed to oversee Camp Pontanezen at Brest. A key debarkation point for American troops, Butler distinguished himself by improving conditions in the camp. Postwar For his work in France, Butler received the Distinguished Service Medal from both the US Army and US Navy. Arriving home in 1919, he took command of Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia and over the next five years worked to make what had been a wartime training camp into a permanent base. In 1924, at the request of President Calvin Coolidge and Mayor W. Freeland Kendrick, Butler took a leave from the Marines to serve as Director of Public Safety for Philadelphia. Assuming oversight of the citys police and fire departments, he tirelessly worked to end corruption and enforce Prohibition. Though effective, Butlers military-style methods, impolitic comments, and aggressive approach began to wear thin with the public and his popularity began to drop. Though his leave was extended for a second year, he frequently clashed with Mayor Kendrick and elected to resign and return to the Marines Corps in late 1925. After briefly commanding the Marine Corps Base at San Diego, CA, he embarked for China in 1927. Over the next two years, Butler commanded the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade. Working to protect American interests, he successfully dealt with rival Chinese warlords and leaders. Returning to Quantico in 1929, Butler was promoted to major general. Resuming his task of making the base the showplace of the Marines, he worked to increase the publics awareness of the corps by taking his men on long marches and re-enacting Civil War battles such as Gettysburg. On July 8, 1930, the Commandant of the Marines Corps, Major General Wendell C. Neville, died. Though tradition called for the senior general to temporarily fill the post, Butler was not appointed. Though considered for the permanent position of command  and supported by notables such as Lieutenant General John Lejeune, Butlers controversial track record along with ill-timed public comments regarding Italian dictator Benito Mussolini saw Major General Ben Fuller receive the post instead. Retirement Rather than continue in the Marine Corps, Butler filed for retirement and left the service on October 1, 1931. A popular lecturer while with the Marines, Butler began speaking to various groups fulltime. In March 1932, he announced that he would run for the US Senate from Pennsylvania. An advocate of Prohibition, he was defeated in the 1932 Republican primary. Later that year, he publically supported the Bonus Army protesters who sought early payment of the service certificates issued by the World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924. Continuing to lecture, he increasingly focused his speeches against war profiteering and American military intervention abroad. The themes of these lectures formed the basis for his 1935 work War Is a Racket which outlined the connections between war and business. Butler continued to speak on these topics and his views of fascism in the US through the 1930s. In June 1940, Butler entered the Philadelphia Naval Hospital after being ill for several weeks. On June 20, Butler died of cancer and was buried at Oaklands Cemetery in West Chester, PA.

Sexuality And Sexuality Among Older Adults - 979 Words

Human sexuality is a very broad and in some instance a very sensitive subject. Depending on the audience, it is a topic that may cause uneasiness and awkwardness for some while for others it is a topic of preference. Although sexuality is a significant part of our modern-day culture in movies, videos, and other celebrity induced trends, it is still a subject that isn’t easily discussed. Some will assert that sexuality only involves the act of sex which is probably the reason there is a sense of discomfort. This is in fact highly inaccurate, but it is used as a crutch to avoid discussing the topic altogether. Sexuality is a reality that it plays an important role throughout our lives. It intertwines physiological, psychological, and social†¦show more content†¦As we grow into young adults, we move to a stage of sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is a time where we can procreate, where there will be in our stamina, and an increase in sexual desires for both men and women. This is something that happens for everyone after we have surpassed the puberty stage. All of this is matters because sexual arousal is a physiological function. The physiological aspect of this cartoon seems to be on the fence of positive and negative. The male seems to be more in a state of shock by his wife’s actions, watching her as she is standing there holding the glasses of wine and the bottle and her verbiage (attempting to initiate intimacy but reminding him of the backup plan). It doesn’t necessarily convey a negative response from the husband as if he is lacking interest, but he doesn’t seem as enthused as his counterpart which could have a lot to do with the physiological aspect of him. It is possible that his stamina has declined due to his age or he could have possibly lost the ability to have sexual arousal for his elderly wife. The physiological response of the husband’s actions or lack thereof can have a domino effect on the psychologica l dimension of this couple’s relationship. As stated earlier, the husband is necessarily displaying a positive response to his wife’s actions. He is just sitting there with a stunned face which can in return, make the wife feel negatively.Show MoreRelatedSexuality Within The Older Population1475 Words   |  6 Pages Sexuality within the Older Population Jonelle S. Allen LaSalle University Introduction Sexuality is an important core dimension of life that incorporates beliefs, cultures, rituals, attitudes, values, intimacy and pleasure. The expression of sexuality along with the desire for intimacy can be very complex especially for the older adult. Sexual dysfunction among older men and women commonly increases with age along with co-morbiditiesRead MoreMyth on Aging Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesinterest in, nor capacity for, sexual relations† (Facts on Aging Quiz). 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Communication and Information Technologies Security Technology

Question: Describe about the Communication and Information Technologies for Security Technology. Answer: Report on Fingerprint Technology Introduction Fingerprint security technology involves using thumbprint of a user as a proof of identity. It has been scientifically confirmed that no two thumbprints are ever identical and hence, it can be used as a genuine mark of an identity (Ramotowski 2012). Fingerprint security systems are widely used all over the world. Fingerprint Technology Advantages Security of Identity Fingerprint technology provides a very strong security for verification of identity. Since, fingerprint of a particular individual is unique, it cannot be faked and reproduced by any other means. Hence, it can definitely confirm the identity of an individual. Accurate Management System Fingerprint technology provides the advantage of a very accurate management system. In the manual verification system, a lot of time is consumed and moreover, identity can easily be faked (Lewis 2014). In the fingerprint system, identity verification system is done much more accurately and can be done in literally seconds. Disadvantages Cost The cost of biometric systems are generally very high. Hence, this is a big setback for an organization that wants to implement the fingerprint detection system. Errors Low cost gadgets are very much prone to errors. Sometimes, they fail to capture the fingerprint easily and the individual has to place his thumb in different angles in order to finally get captured (Tan et al. 2014). Again, due to internal errors, some gadgets wrongly identify an authorized individual as unauthorized and vice versa. This results in a lot of confusion and lack of an efficient system. Matching Methods Correlation-Based Fingerprint Matching This type of fingerprint matching system involves comparison of the captured print with the print in the database in the same pixel and alignment. The user needs to provide the fingerprint in the same angle and alignment as had been provided earlier in the database. If the alignment and angle do not match, the verification fails. Minutiae-Based Fingerprint Matching This type of system is more efficient and saves a lot of time by consuming a very small computational time (Kaur and Kaur 2016). This system does not check angle, pixel or alignment; rather it detects the minutiae pattern of the captured print and uses it to match the one in the database. Ridge-Feature-Based Fingerprint Matching This matching system used a rating system based on the matching aspects of the fingerprints angle, alignment, pixel, minutiae pattern and others. Chance of matching decreases with the decrease of the score as well as the vector pattern of the captured print. Touch Sensor vs. Sweep Sensor Touch Sensor Sweep Sensor In this sensor, the user has to touch the specified spot with the thumb In this sensor, the gadget scans the thumb of the user with a laser without any physical contact It is more time consuming It is less time consuming It is prone to errors It is more accurate It is less costly It is more costly It uses physical print scanning device It uses laser technology for scanning the print Conclusion Before the invention of the fingerprint sensors, the identity verification systems mostly depended on using just a password or combination of symbols that was known by a specific user only. However, with the advancement of technology, the new physiological biometric system, namely, fingerprint detection system was developed. It is known that the fingerprint of a particular individual is unique and will never be identical with some elses one. Nowadays, fingerprint identification technology is a very popular biometric system and is widely used by different organizations and companies. 2: Message Digest (MD5) Message Digest (MD5) A widely used hash function that is used to produce 128-bit hash value is Message Digest (MD5). MD5 can easily be as a cryptographic hash function. However, it has been found that it has a lot of external and internal vulnerabilities. Hence, it is only used for verifying data integrity by using it as a checksum. Two Applications of MD5 One of the most important applications of MD5 is providing assurance of safe and intact transfer of a file from one device to another through the internet. MD5 acts as a checksum and compresses the file with a particular value before transmission (Kumar et al. 2013). MD5 will notify error and that will mean that the file could not be sent intact. Another application of MD5 can be found in electronic discovery. In this field, MD5 is generally used to create a unique identification number for a document under the legal discovery section. MD5 Algorithm Steps During application of MD5 algorithm, there are five steps through which the message is sent. These steps are as follows. Padded Bits The message that is to be sent is padded by the algorithm in a way that the length of the message is congruent to 448 (modulo 512). After this, one 1 bit and then 0 bits are added in order to make the length of the message in bits is equal to 448 modulo 512. Append Length To the result of the padding step, one 64-bit representation of b is appended such that the resultants length is a multiple of 512. MD Buffer Initializing A four word buffer (A, B, C, D) is created where each of A, B, C and D is a 32-bit register. This buffer is used to calculate the message digest. Message Processing In this step, four auxiliary functions are used. Three 32-bit words are provided to these functions as inputs (Dubey et al. 2012). From the output, a single 32-bit word is generated. Output As an output, the message digest is obtained in the form of A, B, C, D. 3: Biometric Security Systems Biometric security systems are those that use biological characteristics of a particular individual in order to identify them. These characteristics include fingerprint, voice, retina and others. There are two modes of biometric security systems. These are as follows. Enrolment Mode In this mode, the characteristic of the individual like retina, fingerprint or voice pattern is enrolled within the gadget and authorized by the system admin. After the entry is enrolled, it will be used as the verification sample and cannot be changed again. Recognition Mode In this mode, the entry of the individual is verified by matching with the original entry made in the enrolment mode (Schumacher et al. 2013). Since, the retina, fingerprint or voice pattern of an individual is unique, any different entry will mark it as invalid or unauthorized if it does not match with any one pattern in the database. 4: Columnar Transposition Encryption Codeword: PRINTER Message to Encrypt: COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION It has been agreed that the transposition is to reverse the order of the letters of the codeword and then swap pairs of letters, starting at the right-hand end. Hence, the new keyword will be RTEINPR Hence, the permutation order will be 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 Now, the message to be encrypted is arranged as follows. 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 C O M M U N I C A T I O N A N D I N F O R M A T I O N Q Here, Q is used as a NULL function to fill the column. Hence, the encrypted message will be: MTIT MINI UOFO NNON IARQ CCNM OADA References Bjorkman, B. and Talbert, R., 2015. Fixed Points of Columnar Transpositions.Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography,18(5), pp.541-557. Dubey, A.K., Dubey, A.K., Namdev, M. and Shrivastava, S.S., 2012, September. Cloud-user security based on RSA and MD5 algorithm for resource attestation and sharing in java environment. InSoftware Engineering (CONSEG), 2012 CSI Sixth International Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Dutt, D.C., Somayaji, A.B. and Bingham, M.J.K., Zighra Inc., 2016.System and method for behavioural biometric authentication using program modelling. U.S. Patent Application 15/059,692. Gaines, H.F., 2014.Cryptanalysis: A study of ciphers and their solution. Courier Corporation. Gao, M., Hu, X., Cao, B. and Li, D., 2014, June. Fingerprint sensors in mobile devices. In2014 9th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications(pp. 1437-1440). IEEE. Kaur, M. and Kaur, S., 2016. A Secure Bio-Metric Fingerprint Recognition using Neural Network.International Journal of Computer Applications,147(8). Kester, Q.A., 2013. A Hybrid Cryptosystem Based on Vigenere Cipher and Columnar Transposition Cipher.arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.7786. Kumar, H., Kumar, S., Joseph, R., Kumar, D., Singh, S.K.S. and Kumar, P., 2013, April. Rainbow table to crack password using MD5 hashing algorithm. InInformation Communication Technologies (ICT), 2013 IEEE Conference on(pp. 433-439). IEEE. Kumari, P., Kumar, S. and Vaish, A., 2014, July. Feature extraction using emprical mode decomposition for biometric system. InSignal Propagation and Computer Technology (ICSPCT), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 283-287). IEEE. Lasry, G., Kopal, N. and Wacker, A., 2016. Cryptanalysis of columnar transposition cipher with long keys.Cryptologia, pp.1-25. Lewis, B., 2014. Report Provides Insight Into Mobile ID Fingerprint Technology. Majumdar, S., Maiti, A., Bhattacharyya, B. and Nath, A., 2015. A New Bit-level Columnar Transposition Encryption Algorithm.International Journal,3(7). Pratt, J., Pearson, L. and Sullivan, M., AtT Intellectual Property I, LP, 2013.System and method for device security with a plurality of authentication modes. U.S. Patent 8,595,804. Ramotowski, R. ed., 2012.Lee and Gaensslen's advances in fingerprint technology. CRC Press. Ratna, A.A.P., Purnamasari, P.D., Shaugi, A. and Salman, M., 2013, June. Analysis and comparison of MD5 and SHA-1 algorithm implementation in Simple-O authentication based security system. InQiR (Quality in Research), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 99-104). IEEE. Schumacher, M., Fernandez-Buglioni, E., Hybertson, D., Buschmann, F. and Sommerlad, P., 2013.Security Patterns: Integrating security and systems engineering. John Wiley Sons. Simoens, K., Bringer, J., Chabanne, H. and Seys, S., 2012. A framework for analyzing template security and privacy in biometric authentication systems.IEEE Transactions on Information forensics and security,7(2), pp.833-841. Stevens, M., Lenstra, A.K. and De Weger, B., 2012. Chosen-prefix collisions for MD5 and applications.International Journal of Applied Cryptography,2(4), pp.322-359. Tan, J., Xu, L., Li, T., Su, B. and Wu, J., 2014. Image?Contrast Technology Based on the Electrochemiluminescence of Porous Silicon and Its Application in Fingerprint Visualization.Angewandte Chemie,126(37), pp.9980-9984. Xie, T., Liu, F. and Feng, D., 2013. Fast Collision Attack on MD5.IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive,2013, p.170.

John F. Kennedy Speech free essay sample

John F. Kennedys Inaugural Speech Presidents use rhetoric in most of their speeches to effectively convey their thoughts and ideas to the American people. John F. Kennedy was elected to be the thirty-fifth president of the United States. When the United States was going through a tough time and looking for a leader Kennedy was the youngest president ever and needed to establish himself as a leader and prove that he could change America. Kennedys inaugural speechs purpose was to use emotional language to inspire and appeal to ethos of an anxious and restless audience. If a nation cant trust a leader, they cant live comfortably. JFK uses several persuasive appeals to inspire his audience. The purpose of his speech is to inspire, not really educate, logos are not used often throughout. Kennedy uses emotional language to include his audience in his goals. With the famous line, ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country, Kennedy makes the task of bringing peace to the United States not only his responsibility but also to American peoples. We will write a custom essay sample on John F. Kennedy Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This quote is an antimetabole or a repetition of words in reverse order. JFK makes the audience feel personally responsible for make America a better place. Another noticeable aspect of JFKs inaugural address is his ability to use his language to bring out a sense of pride in the American people. The president uses forms of imagery to remind the listeners they are The heirs of that first revolution. The images of freedom and liberty are often used like this to prompt the audience to think of the United States as strong country. Even though the speech is largely emotion, Kennedy also uses the text to establish ethos to the citizens of the world. Despite President Kennedys young age, he is expected to perform on the same level as past presidents. JFK is aware of this expectation and assures his audience in the first paragraph that, For I have sworn before you and almighty God the same solemn oath our forebearers prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago. Kennedy wants his audience to know he has gone through the same process as past presidents and plans to hold the same values that our nation was found on. Kennedy then proposes pledges to American citizens, allies, and enemies. This oath assures the people that the United States will do whatever is necessary to, assure the survival and success of liberty. This inspires Americans to realize Kennedy is a supporter of freedom. By appealing to allies and enemies, JFK shows that he no longer wishes to fght, but to work towards a better world. At the time of Kennedys inauguration, America was living in tension. Americans were looking for peace. Kennedy realized the mood of his audience and made his speech in a way that would inspire and bring support. The numerous refrences to God were put in on purpose to appeal to a largely Christian audience. By comparing his goals to Gods in the last paragraph, Kennedy gained the support of the religious citizens. Gods work must truly be our own. Kennedy knows by comparing himself to God, the people may instill more trust in him as a president. Jonn F Kennedys speech gives Otta strong message to the American people. The use of emotional language throughout inspires his audience a feeling of pride and responsibility. Kennedys ability to Judge the mood of his audience and to connect with their emotions is ultimately responsible for the success if this speech. John F. Kennedy Speech free essay sample Presidents use rhetoric in most of their speeches to effectively convey their thoughts and ideas to the American people. John F. Kennedy was elected to be the thirty-fifth president of the United States. When the United States was going through a tough time and looking for a leader Kennedy was the youngest president ever and needed to establish himself as a leader and prove that he could change America. Kennedy’s inaugural speech’s purpose was to use emotional language to inspire and appeal to ethos of an anxious and restless audience. If a nation can’t trust a leader, they can’t live comfortably. JFK uses several persuasive appeals to inspire his audience. The purpose of his speech is to inspire, not really educate, logos are not used often throughout. Kennedy uses emotional language to include his audience in his goals. With the famous line, â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country,† Kennedy makes the task of bringing peace to the United States not only his responsibility but also to American peoples. We will write a custom essay sample on John F. Kennedy Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This quote is an antimetabole or a repetition of words in reverse order. JFK makes the audience feel personally responsible for make America a better place. Another noticeable aspect of JFK’s inaugural address is his ability to use his language to bring out a sense of pride in the American people. The president uses forms of imagery to remind the listeners they are â€Å"The heirs of that first revolution. † The images of freedom and liberty are often used like this to prompt the audience to think of the United States as strong country. Even though the speech is largely emotion, Kennedy also uses the text to establish ethos to the citizens of the world. Despite President Kennedy’s young age, he is expected to perform on the same level as past presidents. JFK is aware of this expectation and assures his audience in the first paragraph that, â€Å"For I have sworn before you and almighty God the same solemn oath our forebearers prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago. † Kennedy wants his audience to know he has gone through the same process as past presidents and plans to hold the same values that our nation was found on. Kennedy then proposes pledges to American citizens, allies, and enemies. This oath assures the people that the United States will do whatever is necessary to, â€Å"assure the survival and success of liberty. † This inspires Americans to realize Kennedy is a supporter of freedom. By appealing to allies and enemies, JFK shows that he no longer wishes to fight, but to work towards a better world. At the time of Kennedy’s inauguration, America was living in tension. Americans were looking for peace. Kennedy realized the mood of his audience and made his speech in a way that would inspire and bring support. The numerous refrences to God were put in on purpose to appeal to a largely Christian audience. By comparing his goals to God’s in the last paragraph, Kennedy gained the support of the religious citizens. â€Å"God’s work must truly be our own. † Kennedy knows by comparing himself to God, the people may instill more trust in him as a president. John F. Kennedy’s speech gives off a strong message to the American people. The use of emotional language throughout inspires his audience a feeling of pride and responsibility. Kennedy’s ability to judge the mood of his audience and to connect with their emotions is ultimately responsible for the success if this speech.

Oedipus King Of Riddles Essays - Oedipus The King, Oedipus

Oedipus: King Of Riddles? In Greek mythology the oracles or gods are rarely wrong in their predictions of the future. Yet the characters still try to fight the predictions. Do their personalities and traits decide their future, or does fate take its course no matter what? Oedipus was a shrewd man furnished with wit and intellect, yet his lack of insight (the ability to see and understand clearly the inner nature of himself) and his arrogance led to his demise, not fate. Oedipus's aret? (an exceptional ability or gift) was unravelling riddles, and solving any puzzles with ease. He had a surplus of the aptitude to look outward, but unfortunately he had a deficiency of the ability to look inward. This talent of looking outward made him renowned for deciphering riddles and mysteries. Yet when Tiresias appears and speaks in riddles, Oedipus cannot solve them because of his lack of insight. Tiresias's riddles are clear in what they state, but Oedipus cannot understand them because he doesn't know himself well enough. Tiresias conveys, All ignorant! And I refuse to link my utterance with a downfall such as yours.(Pg.42) At this point in the play, Oedipus still cannot perceive who the murderer of King Laius is, even though the riddle is obvious. Oliver 2 Oedipus has the ability to comprehend the riddles, but he won't allow himself to accept the truth. When Oedipus saved Thebes from The Sphinx, he answered this difficult puzzle. The Sphinx demanded, What creature is it that walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening? With his eminent mastery of riddles and having an open mind, Oedipus replied, It is Man. As a child he crawls on four. When he grows up he walks upright on his two feet, and in old age he leans on a staff.1 This puzzle is far more complex than Tiresias's rudimentary riddles, so Oedipus has the ability to solve the riddles but cannot let himself do so, because of his pomposity. Oedipus is so arrogant that he can't believe that he could possibly have done anything wrong. He suffered from the sin of hubris. That is, he was very vain, and conceited. No matter how straightforward Tiresias's riddles were, Oedipus's pride wouldn't let him solve them. Finally, Tiresias came right out and said what he meant without a riddle, and Oedipus still couldn't accept that he did anything wrong. Tiresias simply stated, I say, you murdered the man whose murderer you require. (Pg.37) Following that remark from Tiresias, Oedipus shielded himself by accusing his brother in law, Creon (his uncle in reality), of forcing these insinuations from Tiresias. Of course, this wasn't true, it was just a classic example of Oedipus's arrogance trying to defend itself. Oedipus's expiration was caused simply because of his arrogance and his lack of self knowledge. He didn't understand himself well enough. He could unravel any mystery besides Oliver 3 his own existence. All of his life Oedipus had solved mysteries and puzzles about subjects other than himself. Now that he was faced with riddles accusing him of something, his own arrogance kept him from the truth. Oedipus would have solved Tiresias's riddles instantaneously if it weren't for his pride, and lack of insight. Finally, the truth is forced on Oedipus with outstanding evidence, presented by the messenger, and the shepherd, so he must accept his destiny. Was he not able to solve Tiresias's riddles because his arrogance wouldn't allow him to, or did he recognize the answers immediately, his vanity not allowing him to acknowledge the truth? Oliver 4 Notes 1Ingri And Edgar Parin D'Aulaire's , D'aulaires' Book Of Greek Myths (Garden City:Doubleday & Company Inc. , 1962), 158. Oliver 5 Bibliography D'aulaire's Partin , Edgar and Ingri. Daulaire's Book Of Greek Myths. Garden City: Doubleday & Company Inc. , 1962. Sophocles. Oedipus The King in The Oedipus Plays Of Sophocles. (Trans. P. Roche.) New York: Mentor Books , 1986.

Men and Women throughout Histo essays

Men and Women throughout Histo essays Since the beginning of time, men and women have been different: physically, emotionally, and mentally. Nearly all of our ancient historical documents point to the domination of men over women in almost every civilization hat has graced this earth. Relations between men and women were different in each civilization, however, since each had its on views on what the two genders roles should be. The people of Mesopotamia, Japan, and Greece all had an informal cultural stratification that separated the duties of men and women, and guided the relations between the two sexes during ancient times. A lot is unknown about the lives of men in women in Mesopotamia, but evidence shows that there was relative parity among the sexes and division of labor; while the people of Japan also lived side-by-side, the men still were still very dominant. The Greek men and women also had extremely segregated lives in which the women were to remain at the home. Much of the segregation in these societies was a cultural expectation, not a political provision, although laws did exist that restricted womens ability to live independently from the guardianship of her father and/or a husband. As we look at the people of Mesopotamia, we can see that men and women during this time were regarded as equal partners, with women having many of the same rights as men. A womens place was in the home raising children and weaving clothing, while men ruled the government and worked in the fields (Lecture 9-5-03). Some women in society were priestesses associated with the temple, therefore making their role in society more important. Women could gain importance in society through marriage due to the fact that arranged marriages were the norm for the elite in society. Most often the father of the groom would arrange the marriage with the father of the bride, but negotiation between the groom and the father of the bride did exist as well (Lerner 106-7). The aut...

What led to the industrial revolution in Europe Essay

What led to the industrial revolution in Europe - Essay Example He also considers one of the very reasonable question that either this is a evolution of men or combination of different events. Writer sums ups his ideas as: The lust for more money and prosperity and growth with low costs as compared to the feudal system of life lead the way for industrialization of Europe. And infect the agricultural conditions in Europe were not confident enough to yield surplus amounts for the people. Then domination over the globe started on the name of trade. Mokyr, Joel. 1993. The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective. Boulder: Westview Press. The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 1800-1914   By W.O. Henderson Henderson in the chapter â€Å"the new masters and their women† describes about the change in lifestyle of the rural land. The introduction of the steam engine and railway tracks can be credited for the first brick in the industrial revolution. ... 1961. The industrial revolution in the eighteenth century: an outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. New York: Macmillan. The nature of men is always filled with progressive ideas and innovations. The life at the start of the 18 century was also optimistic and free. At the beginning of the 18th century farming was practiced as the primary occupation throughout Europe. Feudal system ruled vast areas, in which merchants earned good amounts of money by trading the finished product of the farms to the market. The population was growing as well as the demands. End of civil wars lead an end to the feudal system which was now replaced by the monarchy system, as in Britain. Now the point was to enhance the economic growth to fulfill the growing demands. With the invention of the steam engine, the concept of ‘factory system was introduced. Young marriages and the resistance to overcome diseases increased the population growth which in turn prepared a large ma npower, an essential requirement for the factory system. Rail system was the element improving trade. The workers of cottage industry loved the new evolving idea of mechanization. England was the first among the European countries to come up with relevant industrial rules. The trade was increasing and now the people were not dependent on the autocrats. Wealth went on flourishing and England had a middle class prepared to welcome it. In the era following the 18th century the per capita increase is in a greater ratio as that of population growth. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth  ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened

How different was Sparta from other Greek states Essay

How different was Sparta from other Greek states - Essay Example It became one of the most prominent military-based lands in 650 BC. This is where the kingdom of Sparta was based. Sparta was the most skilful land for its well known military warfare. This essay explains the most significant differences of Sparta and other Greek states. Sparta was the prominent state which rose in Lacedaemon. The state was situated far from the coastline unlike other states, which were situated near coastline. The description includes the important factors that led the important states of Greece to rise with a different form of ruling by Sparta. Athens and Sparta were the two strongest states in Greece between 900 BC and 192 BC (Bremmer and Erskine, 2010, p.128). Both the states were located in city of Greece had completely different genres. Spartans came from the descendants of invaders of Dorian and Athens comprised its population from the Ionians. They had completely different life-style structure. Their governing system, educational system, trading methods and military structures differed in many ways. The most important factor which caused the difference between Sparta and other states was the governing system. Spartan government was an oligarchy; their ruling style was military based. They had very strong military base in the entire Greece. Spartan women gave birth to very strong child, they were taught to be tough unlike other states (Salisbury, 2001, p.330). The children were trained to struggle from a very small age so that they can be the strongest in a battle field. Spartan kingdom comprised a population of about 100,000, but the most important factor was all 100,000 had the skill of self defence and they knew how to fight. They cannot be referred as brutal because the entire population including men and women supported the way the government was set-up. For any deformed child or weak child there was no

Families that work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Families that work - Essay Example The policy failures are attributed to a false dichotomy in terms of minimal public commitment and participation in care giving. Notably, US working families policies are based on privately based and market driven labour market demands, instead of citizen-based social policy frameworks. This has then made US to have the highest wage-gap between working males and females, in addition to having the highest family poverty levels compared to European nations and other English-speaking countries families. Overall, Gornick &Meyers argues that US has a rather pathetic parental and maternal employment structures coupled with a relatively restricted cash allotment to families (2005). Consequently, this has made American working parents especially mothers to face competing responsibilities, which not only leaves them reprimanded in their workplaces but also overburdened and drained at home. Gornick & Meyers also take issue of how childcare in US is mostly privately driven and left entirely to w omen, which is something that makes US to have a smaller portion of working mothers operating part-time and with high working hours (2005). Although the US has elevated maternal employment levels compared to Scandinavian nations, Canada and some continental European nations, there is minimal policy to shore up mothers in their labor-market commitment. Gornick &Meyers observes that even existing legal frameworks such as Pregnancy Discrimination Act or the Temporary Disability Insurance Act does not enforce provisions such as maternal or parental paid-leave (2005). There is low level and even lack of policy frameworks, which can enable mothers to take a couple of days off from their work after birth without sacrificing their job security or paycheques. Consequently, working mothers are faced with job interruptions, forgone earnings, and reduced career opportunities. Moreover, families experience extremely high out of pocket child-care expenditures, parents spending extensive hours at work, in addition to experiencing stressful adjustments to job schedules. Even though the US has progressive policies on work gender equality such as fathers being given leave rights, Gornick &Meyers observe that the nation has no provision that allows fathers to spend a considerable amount of time with the mother and child during the first year of the child birth without having to sacrifice their wages (2005). There are no provisions, which will ensure that both new working mother and father are allowed to work part-time without shifting employers or even losing their health benefits until the child goes to elementary school. Gornick &Meyers also tackle the fact that the US lacks provisions that will ensure that childcare expenses are offered to working parents at a much lower cost (2005). They observe that working family’s earnings do not balance the requirement of care, especially in meeting the needs of modern families. This is attributed to the failure of the traditional American employment-forcing outcomes identified by the lack of options for employees in deciding labor-market wages, granting of health insurance only via employment, and a labor structure,

Minimum Wage: Exploitation through a Subsistent Wage

Minimum Wage: Exploitation through a Subsistent Wage The Raising of the Minimum Wage: Exploitation through a Subsistent Wage I. Introduction For many years in the United States the minimum wage has not aligned with the cost of living. Low wage workers typically earn the minimum wage and cannot sustain themselves due to the constant rise of housing, food, and health care. The bourgeoisie manipulates the proletariat through exploitation with a subsistent wage that rarely increases. In this essay, I aim to demonstrate that the elite cause a class conflict to keep the bourgeoisie in power to maintain a hegemony over the lower class. II. The Elite Perspective In a New York Times article titled, Higher Minimum Wage May Have Losers, Noam Scheiber highlights that many cities and states are considering raising the minimum wage, but some economists and business owners warn that a raise may be problematic for business owners and current low wage workers. At the annual American Economic Association, Economics professor John Horton Of New York University delivered an essay concerning an experiment he did regarding raising the minimum wage. Using an online platform, employees post jobs anonymously. Workers then submit an hourly wage competing for them. Scheiber states: Mr. Horton, working with the platform, was able to impose a minimum wage random on one-quarter of about 160,000 jobs posted over roughly a month and a half in 2013. If a worker proposed an hourly wage that was below the minimum, the platforms software asked him or her to raise the bid until it cleared the threshold. (cite) At prima facie, the experiment demonstrated that when the minimum wage increased there was little if no decline in hiring. However, the hours a worker spent on a job fell for the jobs that were lower wage before the study. In addition, Horton claimed that employers were hiring more productive works to compensate for the lost earnings from the adjusted higher wage. Consequently, the lower wage workers were less productive, according to Horton, and thus lost their jobs. He concluded that raising the minimum wage could cost low-skilled workers their jobs, as employers replace them with higher productive individuals. Additionally, some economists claim that the more productive workers that do not take the jobs from the low skilled workers will also need a pay raise, which may cause more economic issues. Furthermore, others such as Zane Tankel, chief executive of Applebees restaurant infers that higher wages will accelerate automation, which will offset costs and leave may workers jobless .[1] III. A Sociological Critique Hortons data is tailored to benefit the bourgeoisie and highlights how the individuals in elite position help maintain a hegemony over the lower class. Consequently, the proletariat is given a subsistent wage and is exploited for their labor. Marx claimed that the worker is given just enough pay to survive and have a family and children so that when the worker falters, the children can take over the subsistent wage.[2] Hortons experiment highlights how the worker is exploited with a subsistent wage. In addition, his data demonstrates that low wage workers will lose their jobs to the high output workers. This conflict between the two workers causes what Marx termed alienation. Marx defined it as: the breakdown of, the separation, from, the natural interconnection between people and their productive activities, the products they produce, the fellow workers with whom they produce those things, and with what they are potentially capable of becoming.[3] This alienation keeps individuals from achieving their full potential and keeps them in a subservient state. Scheibers article contains a comment from Applebees executive who states that forced higher wages will accelerate automation, thus more employees will lose their jobs. The inference that workers will be replaced faster by automation demonstrates that the bourgeoisie does not value the labor that the proletariat loses for a meager wage. Marxist theory states that all value comes from the labor and is therefore traceable, in capitalism, to the proletariat.[4] The bourgeoisie does not recognize this value and further exploitation of the surplus value that is extracted from the worker. Scheibers article demonstrates that Horton neglects the conflict between classes and actually helps the elite in a bias fashion. IV. Solution One may contemplate if the worker and capitalist comprehend the magnitude of the conflict between them. Marx would assume that, both the proletariat and the capitalists [bourgeoisie] have an inaccurate sense of themselves, their relationship to one another, and the way in which capitalism operates.[5] While this may be true that the average individual or business owner is unaware of this conflict and holds false consciousness, it is unlikely that Professor Horton is ignorant of these conflicts. While some are aware and have false consciousness, it is crucial that the majority of both capitalists and workers become aware or have class consciousness-the ability of a class, in particular the proletariat, to overcome false consciousness and attain an accurate understanding of the capitalist system.[6] Additionally, once this consciousness is achieved, then the workers must engage in what Marx termed praxis, or the idea that people, especially the proletariat, must take concrete action in order to overcome capitalism. This solution of praxis is extreme and workers can most likely keep some form of capitalism but demand a proper wage. The consciousness compounded with praxis can even out the conflict between the classes and articles concerning the debate over low wages would be nonexistent. V. Conclusion The article Higher Minimum Wage May Have Losers, highlights the conflict that individuals such as Horton create between the workers and capitalists. The conflict between the two creates what Marx claimed to be a loss of human potential through exploitation, alienation of surplus value, and the fact that workers work and live under a subsistent wage. The solution is class consciousness and praxis that results in change. Bibliography [1] Cite article [2] Pg 26 [3] Pg 24 [4] 26 [5] 27 [6] 28

Feminism in Pokemon

A Pokà ©mon or â€Å"pocket monster† is a popular anime that is based on the story of a young â€Å"Pokà ©mon Trainer† â€Å"Ash† in his journey to become a â€Å"Pokà ©mon master†. This means capturing and training Pokà ©mon to create an elite team of the strongest so that you can say you are master of all Pokà ©mon hence a Pokà ©mon master, this also consists of capturing every type of Pokà ©mon and completing your poke-dex (a electronic encyclopaedia on Pokà ©mon that automatically records the amount of different Pokà ©mon seen and caught).Whilst it may seem very friendly and childish the story is open to interpretation and could be viewed from a feminist standpoint to be actually misogynistic. The first female character introduced in the series is Ash’s mom, she is introduced as the stereotypical mother however if we look closer at her we can see how see is trapped in a life of servitude and loneliness. That is why she is so attached to her son. There is a clear absence of Ash’s father that is often left unanswered; this could be interpreted to mean that the mother figure in a boy’s life is far more important than that of the father.The reason that Ash father is not present throughout the series is left deliberately vague however there is a reference to him becoming a Pokà ©mon trainer and starting his own journey. With this information I would say that it isn’t that much of a leap to say that perhaps he abandoned Mrs Ketchum (Delia Ketchum). The fact that it is â€Å"Mrs† shows that she married Mr Ketchum who had abandoned her; she also took his name. She runs the only Pokà ©mon restaurant in Palet town and has to take care of her child Ash and in return she again is deserted by him as he leaves on his adventure.This however doesn’t seem to be an abnormality and shows that it is common for women in Pokà ©mon to be imprisoned by their â€Å"duties† and not free to follo w their dreams of becoming a Pokà ©mon trainer like the males, instead they become housewives however there is a sense of equality as women are given the liberty to start the adventure, if they are not burdened by their duties. However despite all her misery she is still expected for her only desires to be to help Ash and to serve him as it is her â€Å"duty†.The next female character we are introduced to is Misty, she is portrayed as a â€Å"tom-boy†, with romantic affections towards Ash, she desires to help Ash and serve him, although her ego would never admit it. Once she develops a character with greater dimensions she is forcibly removed from the story line by fading her into the background completely dissolving and any love interests between her and Ash showing that their relationship was meaningless and that she could simply be tossed aside. She is then replaced by another female companion for Ash, another â€Å"play-mate†.She is forced to stay with her sisters and stay in the gym. Again like Delia Ketchum she is forced to abandon her dreams due to her duties and is deserted by the man she loves. Another important female character is Jessy she is described as manipulative and is working in the evil cooperation of team rocket attempting to steal rare Pokà ©mon. James is her weaker male partner and Jessy is far more dominant. He is constantly forced to dress up in a disguise along with Jessy however Jessy disguises herself as the dominant male whilst James the female showing the symbolic difference in power between the two characters.This may be interpreted to be a positive sign as a woman may rise to the power of a man and a man sink to a woman but the very fact that this idea is conveyed shows a sexist ideology and is anti-feminist as it shows inequality within the sexes. In other words the idea that because Jessy is stronger she should be male and James is weaker and should be female is conveyed by their cross dressing. Woman in Pokà ©mon dress in skimpy clothing, including Misty who is supposed to be pre-teen. This could be interpreted to the liberation of women, as they are allowed to wear what they want when they want.However another interpretation is that they are viewed as mere sexual objects that are open to sexual flirtation, this is why Brock, who is a notorious womaniser, is constantly shown flirting with female characters throughout the show and is entitled to make passes on them. However this is quickly ended by Misty who would grab Brock by the ear and throws him to the ground. This may seem like a humorous practice however this could be interpreted into Brock showing sexual aggression and him seeing women as a mere outlet for his sexual desires.That is why Misty must quickly throw him to the ground to prevent him from enacting his dark desires. When Misty fades away another female companion comes along to prevent Brock, in other words they are a â€Å"Brock block†, but none are as aggre ssive as Misty. He often flirts with Nurse Joy, the fact that she is identical to all the other Nurse Joys shows that women in the poke-world that pursue a medical carer can be simply casted as the stereotypical â€Å"Nurse Joy†. A one dimensional character that is ruled by her emotions to help heal Pokà ©mon.Notice how it is â€Å"Nurse Joy† not â€Å"Doctor Joy† implying that she can only ever rise to a rank of a â€Å"Nurse† an assistant to a â€Å"Doctor†. He also flirts with Officer Jenny; she also is identical to all the other officer Jennys this shows that women in the poke-world that pursue a career in policing can be simply casted as the stereotypical â€Å"Officer Jenny† or â€Å"Nurse Joy. A one dimensional character that is ruled by her emotions to help prevent crimes. Although it is a relief that women can pursue a career in policing and medicine they are still thrown into the stereotype of the typical â€Å"Officer Jennyâ₠¬ .Also they are presented as loud and presumptive, believing that the Ash is often the culprit but within minutes apologising for her presumptive nature showing her ignorance and naà ¯ve nature. An interesting new aspect of Pokà ©mon is Competitions, Pokà ©mon Contests were first introduced early on and Contests originated in the Hoenn region. In them, Coordinators show how beautiful and skilful they and their Pokà ©mon can be. Showing that the very focus is on the trainers and Pokà ©mon’s appearance, this shows how judgemental and cruel the Pokà ©mon world really is.I would argue that it is similar to shows like â€Å"America’s Next Top Model†; these shows are fixated on broadcasting a false image of women and create an expectation that is impossible for women to measure up to. This was made explicitly clear in a banned episode of Pokà ©mon where Misty is forced to compete in a swimwear contest and is threatened by James who cross-dresses and wears inf latable breasts; this shows the emphasis on big breasts as a sign of beauty and worth in both our society and the Pokà ©mon society.Overall I believe Pokà ©mon is remarkably similar to our own society and the issues faced by women, although women are also allowed to start of their own journey and even join the elite four (The Elite Four are four Pokà ©mon Trainers who are regarded as the toughest in their regional Pokà ©mon League, short of the Pokà ©mon League Champion. Those who challenge the Elite Four must have won all eight Badges from that region and face all four and the current Champion consecutively without losing to any of them. there is inequalities that is not only caused by the double standards and expectations of women but by their lack of liberty and burdens of responsibility. If we look back at Delia Ketchum she is abandoned by Mr Ketchum and forced to look after Ash whilst maintaining a restaurant passed down to her from her mother and is never allowed to pursu e her dreams of becoming a Pokà ©mon trainer and model. She is not shown any sympathy or pity she is merely marginalised along with many other characters and this practice is ongoing, Misty was just another victim of this cruel system.

Online Resort Reservation and Billing System Essay

1. Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (AD 354 – AD 420/440), although he denied, at least at some point in his life, many of the doctrines associated with his name. It is the belief that original sin did not taint human nature and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without special Divine aid. This is still sometimes called Limited Depravity. Thus, Adam’s sin was â€Å"to set a bad example† for his progeny, but his actions did not have the other consequences imputed to original sin. Pelagianism views the role of Jesus as â€Å"setting a good example† for the rest of humanity (thus counteracting Adam’s bad example) as well as providing an atonement for our sins. In short, humanity has full control, and thus full responsibility, for obeying the Gospel in addition to full responsibility for every sin (the latter insisted upon by both proponents and opponents of Pelagianism). According to Pelagian doctrine, because humans are sinners by choice, they are therefore criminals who need the atonement of Jesus Christ. Sinners are not victims; they are criminals who need pardon. 2. Arianism was a Christian heresy first proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius. It affirmed that Christ is not truly divine but a created being. The fundamental premise of Arius was the uniqueness of God, who is alone self-existent and immutable. The Son, who is not self-existent, cannot be God. 3. Donatism was a Christian sect within the Roman province of Africa that flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries. It had its roots in the social pressures among the long-established Christian community of Roman North Africa (present-day) Algeria and Tunisia, during the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian. The Donatists (named for the Berber Christian bishop Donatus Magnus) were members of a schismatic church not in communion with the churches of the Catholic tradition in Late Antiquity.

Plane Crazy as Allegory of Unprofessionalism essayEssay Writing Service

Plane Crazy as Allegory of Unprofessionalism essayEssay Writing Service Plane Crazy as Allegory of Unprofessionalism essay Plane Crazy as Allegory of Unprofessionalism essayThe opening scene that lasts from sec 15 to sec 31 depicting animals building the plane prepares the audience for the further events unfolding during the film. In fact, this scene intends to show that animals are terrible engineers and constructors since they do a lot of various actions but almost all of them are useless and it seems nothing goes right. As a result, the audience can easily catch the point that such a plane will never fly. For instance, the bear on the forefront is hitting the nail with his hammer but, instead, he hits his fingers several times as if to warn the audience that the animals are unable to construct the plane. Similarly, the dog is sawing all the time but does little progress, if any. All of them are moving and stirring but only a few of them are really productive and do something useful, like the goose, which brings wings for the plane. At the same time, the scene shows how enthusiastic the animals are ab out the construction of the plane. It seems as if they are really doing their best, even though their best is very bad for the construction of the plane. In such a way, implicitly the scene shows that enthusiasm may be excessive but it is not enough to reach good ends. Instead, the enthusiasm needs a strong back-up, such as well-developed professional skills for the construction of the plane, in case of this scene. Therefore, the scene conveys the explicit and implicit meaning. On the one hand, the scene shows that the animals are no good for the construction of the plane, while, on the other hand, the scene implies that animals’ enthusiasm does not add them any skills.

Maryland Colony History and Timeline

Maryland Colony History and Timeline The Province of Maryland- also known as the Maryland Colony- was founded in 1632 as a safe haven for English Catholics fleeing anti-Catholic persecution in Europe. The colony was established by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (also known as Lord Baltimore), who also governed the Colony of Newfoundland and the Province of Avalon. The Maryland Colonys first settlement was St. Marys City, which was built along the Chesapeake Bay. It was the first settlement in the New World to guarantee religious freedom for all Trinitarian Christians. Fast Facts: Maryland Colony The Maryland Colony was founded in 1632 after its charter was approved by King Charles I. It was a proprietary colony of Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore.Like other settlements in the New World, the Maryland Colony was established as a religious refuge. Although it was created as a haven for English Catholics, many of the original settlers were Protestants.In 1649, Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act, the first law in the New World designed to encourage religious tolerance. Who Founded Maryland? The idea for an English colony along the Chesapeake Bay where Catholics could live and worship in peace came from  George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. In 1632, he received a charter from King Charles I to found a colony east of the Potomac River. That same year, Lord Baltimore died, and the charter was given to his son, Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. The first settlers of the Maryland Colony included a mix of about 200 Catholics and Protestants who had been promised land grants; they arrived on the ships the Ark and the Dove. A stamp depicting the Ark and the Dove. traveler1116 / Getty Images Why Was Maryland Founded? Following the Protestant Reformation, Europe experienced a series of religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries. In England, Catholics faced widespread discrimination; for example, they were not allowed to hold public office, and in 1666 they were blamed for the Great Fire of London. The first Lord Baltimore, a proud Catholic, envisioned the Maryland Colony as a place where English people would have religious freedom. He also wished to found the colony for economic gain. Sir Anthony Van Dycks painting of King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria. Heritage Images  / Getty Images The new colony was named Maryland in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen consort of Charles I. George Calvert had previously been involved in a settlement in Newfoundland but, finding the land inhospitable, hoped this new colony would be a financial success. Charles I, for his part, was to be given a share of the income that the new colony created. The first governor of the colony was Cecil Calverts brother, Leonard. Interestingly, although the Maryland Colony was ostensibly founded as a refuge for Catholics, only 17 of the original settlers were Catholic. The rest were Protestant indentured servants. The settlers arrived at St. Clements Island on March 25, 1634, and founded St. Marys City. They became heavily involved in the cultivation of tobacco, which was their primary cash crop along with wheat and corn. Over the next 15 years, the number of Protestant settlers steadily increased, and there was fear that religious liberty would be taken away from the Catholic population. The Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 by  Governor William Stone to protect those who believed in Jesus Christ. However, this act was repealed in 1654 when outright conflict occurred and the Puritans took control of the colony. Lord Baltimore actually lost his proprietary rights and it was some time before his family was able to regain control of Maryland. Anti-Catholic actions occurred in the colony all the way up until the 18th century. However, with an influx of Catholics into Baltimore, laws were once again created to help protect against religious persecution. Timeline June 20, 1632: King Charles I grants a charter for the Maryland Colony.March 25, 1634: The first group of settlers, led by Leonard Calvert, reach St. Clements Island in the Potomac River. They established St. Marys City, the first Maryland settlement.1642: The people of the Maryland Colony go to war against the Susquehannock  Indians; fighting will continue until the two groups sign a peace treaty in 1652.1649: Maryland passes the Maryland Toleration Act, which guarantees religious freedom to all Trinitarian Christians within the colony. A historical marker for the Mason–Dixon Line. PhilAugustavo  / Getty Images 1767: A border dispute between Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware results in the drawing of the Mason–Dixon line, which marks Marylands northern and eastern borders.1776: Maryland joins the rest of the 13 American colonies in a revolution against England.September 3, 1783: The American Revolution officially comes to a close with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.April 28, 1788: Maryland becomes the seventh state to be admitted to the United States.

Book review( Leadership tool kit) Bryn Hughes Essay

Book review( Leadership tool kit) Bryn Hughes - Essay Example Hughes’ observes that leaders should explore motives and outline key result areas amongst other things. In essence, Hughes does not only dwell on ethical leadership, but also on professional competence in leadership. He seems to affirms strongly that leadership is God chosen and should be treated with the seriousness and responsibility it deserves. Hughes sees leadership as a state of mind of a person who is visionary and spiritual. He also sees leadership to be defined by sound character. The author also analyses that good motives of a leader should be to share with other so that they can achieve together as a team. His understanding of motives is leadership is also pegged in Bible teachings on leadership. He analyses in various ways that proper motives are the key drivers for any success as a leader. One may see that although he focuses on doing the right thing from the Biblical context of righteousness, his leadership tools also blend well in the context of organizations in the contemporary societies. One may also note that when Hughes explains the concept and the relevance of motives to Christian leadership, he also captures on the teachings of Jesus about what constitutes sins. Jesus on His part observes in the Bible (Mathew 5:28) that whoever has looked at a woman lustfully has committed sex with her. One may say that it is in this regard that Hughes focuses and emphasizes on good motive. Although he does not dwell on the subject with very specific examples, it is understandable that anything that does not constitute God’s will is morally wrong for Christian living. This way, he observes, leaders are able to improve themselves as individuals and improve their teams. The author emphasizes that Christian leaders are should work hard towards acquiring these skills in contemporary society. In order to achieve this, the author rightfully recognizes that there is a need to identify key result areas. Hughes offers that leaders should have the drive and the desire to achieve. They do this through a display of effort in the various areas that they have identified as areas of need. When there is a strong desire to take or accept responsibilities, then a leader is on course. Leadership that is concerned about not just tasks to be completed but also demonstrates which tasks is preferable. Hughes seems to assert that proper leadership would involve being efficient at allocated tasks through proper facilitation and motivation (Hughes, 2002, p. 34). The leader should demonstrate a high morale through involvement with his/her team. This is observable through proper coordination. Other key result areas include being supportive, participative and directive. Churches can enhance leadership by training leaders at various levels to be supportive in their various involvements. Sometimes things not work out as expected. Hughes offers that leaders should support others especially by recognizing the effort put into it. Most importantly, they s hould offer support on various tasks on progress as might be necessary. It is also important that leaders acquire skills through actual participation in the various areas of involvement in the church leadership. While working in their teams, the author also offers that there is a need for leaders to be trained to be visions creators. Visionary leaders are capable of come up with new ideas that will help in goals setting and eventual action plan.

Social Network as Facebook is Not Safe from Hackers Essay

Social Network as Facebook is Not Safe from Hackers - Essay Example Social networks such as Facebook result to the interconnection of millions of people from all over the world thus bringing diversities and similarities in close interactions. In this regard, Facebook offers an effective opportunity for people from different backgrounds to identify their similarity and therefore converge through chart rooms and groups or pages; for instance, the Facebook group of people opposed to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia is one such example of how people of similar interests converge on social media. However, this joining of different people with similar interests makes such individuals in those groups vulnerable to different forms of abuses at the same time. Hackers with ill intentions of compromising and sabotaging information communication systems have emerged and greatly undermined the reliability and security of information, and Facebook, like other communication systems, is not safe from hacker activities. Hacking refers to the unwarranted acc ess of other people’s online databases and directories; hackers are targeting personal information in personal Facebook accounts such as passwords, confidential data, secrets, among other things, with malicious intentions whose sole purpose is to harm the victims, thus breaching individual privacy on social networks. With the growing number of internet users, the highly porous nature of information systems, and features of service providers including the social networking sites that make it possible for unwanted users to access other peoples’ databases, social networks as Facebook are not safe from hackers. There are numerous reasons and explanations why Facebook is not safe from hackers; for instance, nowadays there is increasing use of social network for business transactions and advertising, even though the platform is strictly meant for personal relationships (Lu?sted 10). In this case, hackers abuse social network as businesses by stealing vital information such a s company trade secrets or operational blue prints thereby compromising the businesses. Investigations into cybercrimes are curtailed by the mere fact that the internet has transformed the world into a global village thus allowing hackers to commit crimes from any location of the world and go scot-free. Cyberspace security has also been largely compromised by the increasing internet population in addition to the aspect of anonymity that allows users to disguise themselves on social networks such as Facebook using fake account details while seeking to commit cybercrimes. New inexperienced Facebook users are particularly vulnerable to hacker attacks because they are yet to learn how to utilize the complex security features of the internet on the platform. Hackers can take advantage of the privileged personal information stolen from private accounts on Facebook to cause untold havoc and damage to personal and business relations; for instance, hackers may impersonate individuals to comm it cybercrimes or damage reputations of individuals. Perhaps the most serious consequence suffered by victims of hacking activities is the loss or destruction of vital information thereby compromising the entire systems network. Research Statistics provide evidence of the hackers and hacker activities, for instance, a recent research by the Privacy Clearing House reports indicate that over 1oo million records have been compromised since February 2005, and over 80 million cases were due to web hacking attacks. A similar research at Acunetix reports findings that about 75% of cyberspace attacks occur at the web

Sioux Artist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sioux Artist - Essay Example The Sioux art portrayed their culture, beliefs, visions and dreams, making their art highly valuable among themselves. One of the most interesting Sioux artworks showcased by the Denver Art museum is the Sioux headdress. This particular piece, creatively designed, has many coloured feathers that give it an interesting appeal. Ideally, the multi-feathered headdress was supposed to tower high above its wearer. It has a top, supported with a long pole and feathers on one side. The designers of the headdress were keen enough not to mix too many colours, with white feathers attached on a yellow skin, attached to the white pole. This shows the carefulness with which the designers carried out their work. Additionally, it shows how important art was to these people. Evidence of creativity and imagination in this piece is at the top. The headdress has well rounded top with a beautifully coloured lining. Two pieces of skin attached to the top dangles from the top, which would dance whenever the wearer shook his head. A hairy yellow coloured skin supports the feathers on top, making this one of the most creati vely designed Sioux artworks I have seen so

Investigation to find out whether changing Essay Example for Free

Investigation to find out whether changing Essay Air resistance is a force that acts upon any object falling through the air. It slows the rate of descent on an object with any surface area. Scientific research has found that by altering the objects surface area, the amount of air resistance either increases or decreases, changing the rate of descent. Newtons third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. My helicopter will fall to the ground because of the gravitational pull of the Earth. In reflection to Newtons law, the opposite force in the case of my experiment will be air resistance. As gravity is pulling my helicopter to the ground, air resistance is pushing up onto my helicopter, slowing its rate of descent. The rate of gravity is always the same, as the gravitational pull from the Earth is the same, so the factor in this case, which affects the rate of descent, is air resistance. Newtons second law of motion states that the acceleration an object experiences multiplied by the mass of the object is equal to the net force acting on the object. Thus, if a given force acts on two objects of different mass, the object with the larger mass will have a lower acceleration. In the case of my experiment, the rate of descent on my helicopter, multiplied by the mass of my helicopter is equal to the total amount of forces acting on it. If the forces acting on my helicopter give a net force which is zero, then my helicopter will not accelerate, it will continue moving at a constant velocity. The forces on an object falling at terminal velocity are balanced. Terminal velocity occurs when the weight of an object is balanced by the drag. Drag depends on the speed of an object- the faster it moves the greater the drag. Therefore, if one of my helicopters is moving faster than another, then it will create more air resistance. Drag also depends on the shape of an object. A streamlined object will travel much faster than another object, and they have a lower terminal velocity. We call the force of gravity on something its weight. Weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) The gravitational field strength on Earth is around 10N/kg. Astronauts on the moon tried an experiment suggested by Galileo. They dropped a feather and a hammer at the same time, and they landed together. Newton also tried this experiment, dropping a coin and a feather first in air, then in a vacuum. In the air the coin landed first, but in a vacuum, they landed at the same time. The feather and the coin have a similar surface area, so when they begin to fall they should have about the same amount of drag. As they fall the air resistance on the feather soon increases to balance its weight, causing it to travel at terminal velocity. The coin, on the other hand, is heavier, so it continues to accelerate, and probably hits the ground before reaching terminal velocity. The drag force (air resistance) is always in the opposite direction to the motion. The force of gravity is equal and opposite to the drag force. I predict that by altering the surface area of the wings on my helicopter, I will be able to change the rate of descent by increasing and decreasing the air resistance of the wings. I think that if I increase the surface area of the wings, the amount of air resistance will increase, and my helicopter will take longer to reach the floor. If I decrease the surface area, there will be less air resistance, so my helicopter will travel faster. I also think that whilst doing my experiment, I may find the terminal velocity of one of my helicopters. Method: Make a helicopter out of a piece of paper. Make the wings 11cm x 3cm each, and the base 10cm x 3cm, leaving a 1. 5cm gap from the edges of the wings, like the one shown here. Fold one wing forwards, and the other backwards along the dotted line. Measure a height of 2m from the floor. Make a mark on the wall so that you know where to drop your helicopters from. Stand so that the first helicopter is level with the mark on the wall, and get another person to stand on the floor with a stop clock. Let go of the helicopter and time how long it takes to hit the floor. Record your results in a table. Repeat with the same sized helicopter 3 times, and then cut 1cm off the length of the wings. Repeat the experiment until the wings are 1cm long. To keep my experiment fair- I will use the same helicopter throughout my experiment to ensure accurate results. I will also mark a point on the wall so that I can drop my helicopters from the same height every time. Results: Analysis: My results dont show a linear pattern, the average times go down in steps, but this may have been caused by experimental errors. More of my average times are above my line of best fit than on or below it. Evaluation: I think that my experiment was fairly successful, as from my results I can see that my prediction is usually correct- reducing the surface area of the wings decreases the time it takes to get to the floor, because of the reduce in air resistance. If I was to do this experiment again, I would make another helicopter in a different way, because I think that that my results may have been in a more linear fashion if the helicopter spun more in the air.

A Worn Path :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tattered Trail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, is the tale of the unstoppable love and care of a grandmother for her grandchild. The main character in the story, Phoenix Jackson, is an old black woman who makes a long journey into town to get medicine for her ill grandson. Despite the many obstacles Phoenix encounters along her journey, determination helps her to continue. I will analyze â€Å" A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty in terms of symbolism and characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, I will analyze â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty in terms of symbolism. One way symbolism was shown in the story was by the obstacles Phoenix encounters along her journey. The first obstacle Phoenix faces is when she gets herself tangled in a bush, and she does not want to tear her dress. Phoenix begins to take to the bush saying, â€Å"Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir† (Welty 389). Eventually, she frees herself from the bush. â€Å" Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush† (Welty 389). This shows that you should not judge from the outside and that things are not always, what they seem to be. Another obstacle she faces is when she meets the barbed wire fence. She begins to speak to herself, â€Å" she could not pay for having her arm or leg sawed off if she got caught fast where she was†(Welty 390). Again, determination helps her to continue. Phoenix’s name also shows symbolism. â€Å"As Wesley 2 most critics have noted, Phoenix Jackson’s first name links her to the Egyptian myth of the bird that renews itself periodically from its own ashes†(Bartel 45). In addition, like her name, Phoenix seems ageless. When she stops to drink water from the spring she says, â€Å"Nobody know who made this well, for it was here when I was born†(Welty 391). When she encounters the hunter and he asks her how old she is she says, â€Å"There is no telling, mister, â€Å"said, â€Å"no telling† (Welty 392). Again her age is emphasized when she goes to the doctor’s office and the nurse ask her why she never went to school. â€Å"I never did go to school, I was too old at the Surrender† (Welty 394).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, I will analyze â€Å"A Worn Path†, by Eudora Welty in terms of characters. The main character in the story is Phoenix Jackson.

Margin Review Questions Essay

†¢ If they had continued, Chinese maritime voyages could have had a profound impact on the course of world history. China was the richest, most prosperous, and most technologically advanced civilization in the world at that time, and it would be reasonable to think that, if the Chinese had aggressively competed with their European counterparts, they likely would have prevailed as the preeminent maritime power in the world. This would have had profound implications for the course of world history, most likely limiting the influence of Western Europe and of Christianity on other regions of the globe and increasing Chinese cultural, economic, and political influences beyond East Asia. †¢ The usefulness of counterfactual questions is debatable. They do allow one both to highlight the role of contingency in the course of human history and to highlight the difficulty of predicting the future because of contingency. Moreover, counterfactual questions go beyond mere speculation, because they encourage students to think of what was possible in light of known historical facts. Thus a good â€Å"what if† question can help scholars think their way into historical reality and to hone their analytical skills. Still, no one can fully predict what the consequences of a change in events would have been, and in any case, the reality of the situation as it happened is the subject of history. 2. †¢ This chapter organizes societies in two ways. First, it organizes them into Paleolithic peoples, agricultural village societies, herding peoples, and established civilizations and empires. It then organizes those civilizations by region. †¢ There are other alternatives, including organization by cultural region— Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Mesoamerican, and Christian. Another possibility would have been organization through webs of connections, starting with a single society and radiating out to an exploration of its nearer and more distant contacts. 3. †¢ Several changes would undoubtedly have surprised a knowledgeable observer, including the emergence of Islam; †¢ the revival of China and Western Europe; †¢ the collapse of the Byzantine Empire; †¢ the emergence of Russia and the spread of Christianity into that region; †¢ the emergence of states in Southeast Asia; †¢ the emergence of Japan; †¢ the emergence of powerful empires in West Africa. †¢ However, some features would still be recognizable, such as the persistence of Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies; †¢ the continuance, albeit at a more intense rate, of long-distance commerce and exchange; †¢ the persistence of broad cultural traditions, especially in the Mesoamerican, Andean, Chinese, European, and Indian civilizations. 4. †¢ A global traveler of the fifteenth century might have predicted that Islam, Buddhism, and perhaps Christianity would continue to spread; †¢ that the established cultural regions of China, India, the Islamic world, Christian Europe, the Andes, and Mesoamerica would continue to develop and expand; †¢ that long-distance commerce and exchange would continue to have an important impact on the development of civilizations; †¢ that empires would continue to have a growing influence on world history; †¢ that the regions occupied by Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies would continue to shrink. †¢ Precisely when these predictions were made would make a difference. Before 1492, the huge impact of Western European influence on the Americas would have been difficult to predict. †¢ Before 1433, the relatively modest impact of Chinese overseas exploration would have been difficult to predict. 5. †¢ The gathering and hunting people of the northwest coast of North America possessed permanent village settlements with large and sturdy houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders, and extensive storage of food; none of those features were part of Australian gathering and hunting societies. 6. †¢ In West Africa, three distinct patterns of political development were taking shape among agricultural village societies, with the Yoruba people creating city-states; the kingdom of Benin taking shape as a small, highly centralized territorial state; and the Igbo peoples relying on other  institutions—title societies, women’s associations, hereditary ritual experts serving as mediators, a balance of power among kinship groups—to maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village. †¢ In addition, the Yoruba, Bini, and Igbo peoples traded actively among themselves as well as with more distant peoples and changed from a matrilineal to a patrilineal system of tracing their descent. †¢ In the Americas, in what is now central New York State, an increased level of conflict among Iroquois peoples triggered a remarkable political innovation—a loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois peoples based on an agreement known as the Great Law of Peace. The Iroquois League of Five Nations kept peace, adjudicated disputes, and operated by consensus. It also gave expression to values of limited government, social equality, and personal freedom. †¢ The Iroquois developed a system that gave women unusual authority. Descent was matrilineal, married couples lived with the wife’s family, and women controlled agriculture. While men were hunters, warriors, and the primary political officeholders, women selected and could depose those leaders. 7. †¢ In Central Asia, the Turkic warlord Timur constructed a significant empire that retained control of the area between Persia and Afghanistan during the fifteenth century. †¢ Timur’s conquests, however, hid a more long-term change for the pastoral peoples of Central Asia, because his was the last great military success of nomadic peoples from Central Asia; in the centuries that followed, their homelands were swallowed up in the expanding Russian and Chinese empires. †¢ In West Africa, pastoral peoples retained their independence into the late nineteenth century. †¢ Groups like the Fulbe, West Africa’s largest pastoral society, generally lived in small communities among agricultural peoples; †¢ as they migrated gradually eastward after 1000 C.E., they maintained their distinctive way of life and a sense of cultural superiority that became more pronounced as they slowly adopted Islam. †¢ Some Fulbe dropped out of a pastoral life and settled in towns, where they became highly respected religious leaders. †¢ In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Fulbe were at the center of a wave of religiously based uprisings (jihads) that greatly expanded the practice of Islam and gave rise to a series of new states ruled by the Fulbe. 8. †¢ Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague to become perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous of the world’s major civilizations; †¢ it also undertook the largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen. 9. †¢ Political consolidation occurred in both China and Western Europe, but in China this meant a unitary and centralized government that encompassed almost the whole of its civilization, while in Europe a decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent, and competitive states made for a sharply divided Christendom. †¢ While both experienced cultural flowering, Europe’s culture after the Renaissance was rather more different from its own recent past than Ming dynasty China was from its pre-Mongol glory. †¢ While both sent out ships to explore the wider world, their purposes in doing so were very different. 10. †¢ Chinese exploration was undertaken by an enormous fleet composed of several hundred large ships, while European explorations were undertaken by expeditions made up of a handful of small ships. †¢ European motivations for exploration included the desire for wealth from trade, the search for converts to Christianity, and the recruitment of possible Christian allies against the Muslim powers. China, by contrast, needed no military allies, required little in the way of trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religion. †¢ The Europeans sought to monopolize by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas; the Chinese fleet sought neither conquests nor colonies. †¢ China ended its voyages abruptly after 1433; the European explorations continued and even escalated. †¢ In terms of why China’s explorations were so different from their European counterparts, the fragmentation of political authority in Europe, unlike China’s unified empire, ensured that once begun, rivalry alone would drive Europeans to the end of the earth. †¢ Much of Europe’s elite, including merchants, monarchs, the clergy, and nobles, had an interest in overseas expansion; in China, by contrast, the emperor Yongle was the primary supporter of the Chinese voyages of exploration, and after he passed from the scene, those opposed to the  voyages prevailed within the politics of the court. †¢ The Chinese were very much aware of their own antiquity, believed strongly in the absolute superiority of their culture, and felt that, if they needed something from abroad, others would bring it to them. The Europeans also believed themselves unique; however, in material terms, they were seeking out the greater riches of the East, and they were highly conscious that Muslim power blocked easy access to these treasures and posed a military and religious threat to Europe itself. 11. †¢ The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires had Turkic origins, while the Songhay Empire did not. †¢ The Ottoman and Safavid empires ruled over the heartland of the Muslim world, where a majority of their subjects followed Islam; the Mughal and Songhay empires ruled over regions where Islam was a minority faith. †¢ The rulers of the Safavid Empire were the only ones to impose a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state. 12. †¢ The Inca Empire was much larger than its Aztec counterpart. †¢ The Aztec Empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, while at its height the Inca state encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization. †¢ In the Aztec realm, the Mexica rulers largely left their conquered people alone, and no elaborate administrative system arose to integrate the conquered territories or to assimilate their people to Aztec culture. The Incas, on the other hand, erected a more bureaucratic empire. †¢ The Aztec Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Incas primarily extracted labor services from their subjects. †¢ The Aztec Empire had a system of commercial exchange that was based on merchants and free markets, whereas the Inca government played a major role in both the production and distribution of goods. †¢ The authority of the state penetrated and directed the Incas’ society and economy far more than did that of the Aztecs. 13. †¢ The ideology of state that gave human sacrifice great religious importance shaped the techniques of Aztec warfare, which put a premium on capturing prisoners rather than on killing the enemy. †¢ Priests and rulers became interdependent, with human sacrifices carried out for  political ends. †¢ Massive sacrificial rituals served to impress enemies, allies, and subjects alike with the immense power of the Aztecs and their gods. 14. †¢ The emperor was an absolute ruler and was regarded as divine.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ In theory, the state owned all land and resources.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Subjects were organized, at least in the central regions of the empire, into hierarchical units of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 10,000 people, each headed by local officials, who were supervised by an Inca governor or by the emperor. †¢ An imperial office of â€Å"inspectors† checked on provincial authorities. †¢ Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data were carefully recorded. †¢ A resettlement program moved one-quarter or more of the population to new locations. †¢ Leaders of conquered peoples were required to learn Quechua, and their sons were removed to the capital of Cuzco for instruction in Inca culture and language. †¢ Subject peoples were required to acknowledge major Inca deities, although once they did so, they were largely free to carry on their own religious traditions. †¢ The Inca Empire played a major role in the production and distribution of goods. 15. †¢ They interacted through webs of empire, large-scale political systems that brought together a variety of culturally different peoples; †¢ through webs of religion that linked far-flung peoples; †¢ and through long-established patterns of trade among peoples occupying different environments and producing different goods.